Trial reportBrain stimulation
Daily prefrontal closed-loop repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) produces progressive EEG quasi-alpha phase entrainment in depressed adults.
Trial report in Brain stimulation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- A randomized controlled trial of alpha phase-locked auditory stimulation to treat symptoms of sleep onset insomnia.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- TMS-induced modulation of brain networks and its associations to rTMS treatment for depression: a concurrent fMRI-EEG-TMS study.Brain stimulationTrial
- Trial
- Mu-Rhythm Phase Modulates Cortical Reactivity to Subthreshold TMS: A TMS-EEG Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Bayesian Temporal Prediction: A Robust Algorithm for Real-Time EEG Phase-Dependent Brain Stimulation.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2026Article
- EEG-timed neuromuscular stimulation shapes ipsilateral TMS-evoked motor responses in humans.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2026Article
- Advances in the Clinical Application of Neurostimulation in Major Depression.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Neurodevelopmental considerations for transcranial magnetic stimulation trials in youth.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Manipulation of neuronal activity by an artificial spiking neural network implemented on a closed-loop brain-computer interface in non-human primates.Journal of neural engineering · 2025Article
- Modulation of motor excitability reflects traveling waves of neural oscillations.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Embracing Internal States: A Review of Optimization of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treating Depression.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Review
- A Novel Real-time Phase Prediction Network in EEG Rhythm.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Article
- Enhancing prefrontal modulation by phase-locking intermittent theta burst stimulation to a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for enhancing motor function after spinal cord injury: a narrative review.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- TMS-induced modulation of brain networks and its associations to rTMS treatment for depression: a concurrent fMRI-EEG-TMS study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Real-time TMS-EEG for brain state-controlled research and precision treatment: a narrative review and guide.Journal of neural engineering · 2024Review
- Closed-Loop Brain Stimulation.Biological psychiatry · 2024Review
- Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Closed-loop neurostimulation for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Review
- Accelerated TMS - moving quickly into the future of depression treatment.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation modality that can treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or help smoking cessation. Research suggests that timing the delivery of TMS relative to an endogenous brain state may affect efficacy and short-term brain dynamics.
objectiveTo investigate whether, for a multi-week daily treatment of repetitive TMS (rTMS), there is an effect on brain dynamics that depends on the timing of the TMS relative to individuals' prefrontal EEG quasi-alpha rhythm (between 6 and 13 Hz).
methodWe developed a novel closed-loop system that delivers personalized EEG-triggered rTMS to patients undergoing treatment for major depressive disorder. In a double blind study, patients received daily treatments of rTMS over a period of six weeks and were randomly assigned to either a synchronized or unsynchronized treatment group, where synchronization of rTMS was to their prefrontal EEG quasi-alpha rhythm.
resultsWhen rTMS is applied over the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and synchronized to the patient's prefrontal quasi-alpha rhythm, patients develop strong phase entrainment over a period of weeks, both over the stimulation site as well as in a subset of areas distal to the stimulation site. In addition, at the end of the course of treatment, this group's entrainment phase shifts to be closer to the phase that optimally engages the distal target, namely the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). These entrainment effects are not observed in the group that is given rTMS without initial EEG synchronization of each TMS train.
conclusionsThe entrainment effects build over the course of days/weeks, suggesting that these effects engage neuroplastic changes which may have clinical consequences in depression or other diseases.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.