ArticlePloS one2022
Anatomical connections among the depressor supercilii, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, and inferior fibers of orbicularis oculi: Implications for variation in human facial expressions.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Descriptive, comparative, and functional anatomy of the facial musculature in cattle (Bos taurus).Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2026Article
- An Orbicularis Oculi-Related Band as a Potential Modifier of Tear-Trough Visibility: A Hypothesis-Generating Observation of a Layered Boundary in a Patient.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Decoding the baboon's expressive capacity: facial microanatomy and the development of a PapioFACS.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Where Should We Inject Botulinum Toxin for the Bunny Lines?Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Article
- Accessing the Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi (LLSAN) Muscle for the Treatment of Infraorbital Dimples-A Case Report.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Moose Technique: A New Anatomical Perspective Treatment in Botulinum Toxin.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- The Overlooked Sad Face Expression: Understanding the Omega Sign in Botulinum Toxin Treatment.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Dynamic Periocular Wrinkle Patterns: An Anatomical Study on Young Adults.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Resolving the Controversy Surrounding the Function of the Corrugator Supercilii Muscle.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Article
- Botulinum Toxin: Surely, We Can Do Better? Optimizing Results Beyond On-Label Techniques and Teaching.Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum · 2025Review
- Mapping the Vascular and Muscular Topography of the Glabellar Region: Implication for Improving Safety and Efficacy of the Glabellar Injections.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2024Article
- Advanced Injection of Botulinum Toxin in the Nasal Muscles: A Novel Dynamic Change in Facial Expression.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2024Article
- Consensus Statement on the Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in the Middle East.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2023Article
- Variant muscle fibers connecting the orbicularis oculi to the orbicularis oris: case report.Anatomy & cell biology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine how the depressor supercilii (DS) connects to the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (LLSAN) and inferior fibers of the orbicularis oculi (OOc INF) in the human midface. While grimacing, contraction of the DS with fibers connecting to the LLSAN and OOc INF can assist in pulling the medial eyebrow downward more than when these connecting fibers are not present. Contraction of these distinct connecting fibers between the DS and the LLSAN can also slightly elevate the nasal ala and upper lip. The DS was examined in 44 specimens of embalmed adult Korean cadavers. We found that the DS connected to the LLSAN or the OOc INF by muscle fibers or thin aponeuroses in 33 (75.0%) of the 44 specimens. The DS was connected to both the LLSAN and OOc INF by muscle fibers or aponeuroses and had no connection to either in 5 (11.4%) and 11 (25.0%) specimens, respectively. The DS was connected to the LLSAN by the muscle fibers and thin aponeuroses in 6 (13.6%) and 4 (9.1%) specimens, respectively. The DS was connected to the OOc INF by the muscle fibers and thin aponeuroses in 5 (11.4%) and 23 (52.3%) specimens, respectively. Our findings regarding the anatomical connections of the glabellar region DS to the midface LLSAN and OOc INF provide insights on the dynamic balance between the brow depressors such as the DS and brow-elevating muscle and contribute to understanding the anatomical origins of individual variation in facial expressions. These results can also improve the safety, predictability, and aesthetics of treatments for the glabellar region with botulinum toxin type A and can be helpful when performing electromyography.
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