ArticleMicrobial biotechnology2022
Extracellular vesicle formation in Lactococcus lactis is stimulated by prophage-encoded holin-lysin system.
Article in Microbial biotechnology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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35 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotic Extracellular Vesicles: Mechanisms of Immune Modulation and Therapeutic Opportunities in Atopic Dermatitis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Regulators of the Gut Microbiome-Circadian Axis in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Comparative genomics reveals immunomodulatory and anti-obesity traits of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Biomedical Research and Clinical Translation.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Review
- Interactions between extracellular vesicles and viruses: lessons learned across species and kingdoms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Lactic acid bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles as postbiotic modulators of epithelial adhesion and barrier homeostasis: emerging perspectives.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Enhanced efficiency of virulent and temperate phage combination mediated through bacterial membrane vesicles.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Membrane changes during syntrophic interactions of an archaeal-bacterial coculture.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Streptococcus thermophilus 065 and Their Potential to Modulate the Immune Response.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Article
- Biogenesis of DNA-carrying extracellular vesicles by the dominant human gut methanogenic archaeon.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The biological activity and potential of probiotics-derived extracellular vesicles as postbiotics in modulating microbiota-host communication.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Exploring the potential of bacterial-derived EVs for targeted enzyme replacement therapy: mechanisms, applications, and future directions.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Incorporation of recombinant proteins into extracellular vesicles by Lactococcus cremoris.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Probiotic membrane vesicles: emerging tools for disease treatment.Microbiome research reports · 2025Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles (BEVs) Derived FromInternational journal of biomaterials · 2025Article
- Activation of the l-fucose utilization cluster inHeliyon · 2024Article
- Bile promotes Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 extracellular vesicle production with conserved immunomodulatory properties.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Microbial extracellular vesicles contribute to antimicrobial resistance.PLoS pathogens · 2024Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles: biotechnological perspective for enhanced productivity.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gram-positive bacterial extracellular membrane vesicles (EVs) have been drawing more attention in recent years. However, mechanistic insights are still lacking on how EVs are released through the cell walls in Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, we characterized underlying mechanisms of EV production and provide evidence for a role of prophage activation in EV release using the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis as a model. By applying a standard EV isolation procedure, we observed the presence of EVs in the culture supernatant of a lysogenic L. lactis strain FM-YL11, for which the prophage-inducing condition led to an over 10-fold increase in EV production in comparison with the non-inducing condition. In contrast, the prophage-encoded holin-lysin knockout mutant YL11ΔHLH and the prophage-cured mutant FM-YL12 produced constantly low levels of EVs. Under the prophage-inducing condition, FM-YL11 did not show massive cell lysis. Defective phage particles were found to be released in and associated with holin-lysin-induced EVs from FM-YL11, as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopic images, flow cytometry and proteomics analysis. Findings from this study further generalized the EV-producing phenotype to Gram-positive L. lactis, and provide additional insights into the EV production mechanism involving prophage-encoded holin-lysin system. The knowledge on bacterial EV production can be applied to all Gram-positive bacteria and other lactic acid bacteria with important roles in fermentations and probiotic formulations, to enable desired release and delivery of cellular components with nutritional values or probiotic effects.
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