Extreme hydroclimatic events in rural communities of the Brazilian Amazon: local perceptions of change, impacts, and adaptation.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report reveals vast evidence of increasing climate variability and a higher frequency and intensity of extreme events. Vulnerable regions to such disturbances have been widely studied in some areas, but considerably less is known about other vulnerable regions that are key to global climatic regulation, such as Amazonia. In terms of the human dimensions of climate impacts, rural and indigenous communities in developing regions are among the most vulnerable due to their limited economic capital and direct reliance on natural resources. The purpose of this research was to reveal local perceptions about the impacts of, and adaptations to, recent climatic and associated hydrological changes caused by extreme events in the Brazilian Amazon. We worked in severely impacted rural Amazonian riverine communities utilizing a qualitative case study approach that included interviews, observation while living in the community, and participatory mapping. Our results indicate that participants perceived that there has been an increased occurrence and intensity of hydroclimatic events in the last decade, especially extreme floods. Findings also show that the repeated occurrence of extreme floods resulted in severe impacts, including some that had never been experienced by the local communities, such as the complete loss of perennials. We found that a wide range of locally devised responses was implemented, despite incipient governmental support. Data also showed that responses have evolved significantly over time due to local experience with repeated extreme events. A variety of factors also affected participants' abilities to respond to hydroclimatic changes, notably information exchange among farmers and access to technological advancements. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-021-01857-0.