Metagenomic analysis of bacterial communities during estrous cycle in Bos indicus.

The present study, using 16 s rRNA sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region, was aimed to check diversity of vaginal microbiota throughout different stages of the estrous cycle in Bos indicus, with attention to changes in progesterone hormone and microorganism diversity. Metagenomic research was conducted on vaginal swabs obtained from nine healthy Indian Gir cows at estrus (day 0), metestrus (day 04), diestrus (day 12), and proestrus (day 16) phases of the estrous cycle. The findings revealed that the diestrus phase has a different bacterial diversity than the other three estrous cycle phases, implying that progesterone affects bacterial diversity. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla at the phylum level, accounting for 94% of bacterial diversity. Actinobacteriota, Patescibacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidota were among the less prevalent phyla observed in all samples. After statistical analysis, Bacillaceae, Alcaligenes, Enterobacteriaceae, and Morganellaceae families were more significant. The Enterobacteriaceae family was found to be lower in the diestrus phase than in the other three phases; in contrast, all statistically significant genera were high at the diestrus phase. The luteal stage had higher levels of Micrococcus, Stenotrophomonas, UGC-010, Massilia, and Methylobacillus than the follicular stage, and statistical analysis revealed substantial difference between the luteal and follicular stages. Lactobacillus genus was present in both the estrus and diestrus phases. This study represents an important step toward the understanding of microbial diversity within different stages of the estrous cycle of Indian cows.