Comprehensive analysis of plastid gene expression during fruit development and ripening of kiwifruit.

key messageGlobal survey of plastid gene expression during fruit ripening in kiwifruit provides cis-elements for the future engineering of the plastid genome of kiwifruit. A limitation in the application of plastid biotechnology for molecular farming is the low-level expression of transgenes in non-green plastids compared with photosynthetically active chloroplasts. Unlike other fruits, not all chloroplasts are transformed into chromoplasts during ripening of red-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis cv. Hongyang) fruits, which may make kiwifruit an ideal horticultural plant for recombinant protein production by plastid engineering. To identify cis-elements potentially triggering high-level transgene expression in edible tissues of the 'Hongyang' kiwifruit, here we report a comprehensive analysis of kiwifruit plastid gene transcription in green leaves and fruits at three different developmental stages. While transcripts of a few photosynthesis-related genes and most genetic system genes were substantially upregulated in green fruits compared with leaves, nearly all plastid genes were significantly downregulated at the RNA level during fruit development. Expression of a few genes remained unchanged, including psbA, the gene encoding the D1 polypeptide of photosystem II. However, PsbA protein accumulation decreased continuously during chloroplast-to-chromoplast differentiation. Analysis of post-transcriptional steps in mRNA maturation, including intron splicing and RNA editing, revealed that splicing and editing may contribute to regulation of plastid gene expression. Altogether, 40 RNA editing sites were verified, and 5 of them were newly discovered. Taken together, this study has generated a valuable resource for the analysis of plastid gene expression and provides cis-elements for future efforts to engineer the plastid genome of kiwifruit.