ArticleBioactive materials2022
Exosomal PD-L1 induces osteogenic differentiation and promotes fracture healing by acting as an immunosuppressant.
Article in Bioactive materials, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular Vesicles as Immunomodulatory Mediators in Angiogenic-Osteogenic Coupling: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Targeting the neuropilin 1/interferon γ axis restores glucocorticoid-suppressed T cell function and rescues bone formation to prevent steroid-induced osteonecrosis.Bone & joint research · 2026Article
- Exosomes as Precise Regulators of the Osteoimmune Microenvironment: Engineering Strategies for Bone Regeneration.Biomaterials research · 2026Review
- Exosomes in Osteoarthritis: Emerging Roles in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Potential.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- Exosomes promise better bone regeneration.Regenerative therapy · 2025Review
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Musculoskeletal Diseases.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Review
- Exosome-Based Therapeutics for Musculoskeletal Disorders: Advances in Engineering, Targeting, and Biomaterial Integration.ACS nano · 2025Review
- Research Progress on Biomaterials with Immunomodulatory Effects in Bone Regeneration.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- LncRNA NR2F1-AS1 is involved in osteogenic differentiation in fracture healing via miR-423-5p.Cytotechnology · 2025Article
- Injectable HAMA-CPC hydrogels loaded with high-yield 3D bioprinted adipose-derived stem cell small extracellular vesicles for increased bone repair.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Programmable DNA-based biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.Fundamental research · 2025Review
- Therapeutic potential of exosomes in periodontal regeneration: Immunomodulatory and tissue-repair mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicle-Integrated Biomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications: Current Progress and Future Perspectives.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Nanomedicine-based immunotherapy for tissue regeneration.Burns & trauma · 2025Review
- Identification of an anti-inflammatory action of exosome release in P2YFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Exosome-Integrated Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Exosomes to exosome-functionalized scaffolds: a novel approach to stimulate bone regeneration.Stem cell research & therapy · 2024Review
- Organoids and organoid extracellular vesicles-based disease treatment strategies.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Emerging as a Promising Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategy for Autoimmune Hepatitis.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Hydrogel-exosome system in tissue engineering: A promising therapeutic strategy.Bioactive materials · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A moderate inflammatory response at the early stages of fracture healing is necessary for callus formation. Over-active and continuous inflammation, however, impairs fracture healing and leads to excessive tissue damage. Adequate fracture healing could be promoted through suppression of local over-active immune cells in the fracture site. In the present study, we achieved an enriched concentration of PD-L1 from exosomes (Exos) of a genetically engineered Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVECs), and demonstrated that exosomes overexpressing PD-L1 specifically bind to PD-1 on the T cell surface, suppressing the activation of T cells. Furthermore, exosomal PD-L1 induced Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) towards osteogenic differentiation when pre-cultured with T cells. Moreover, embedding of Exos into an injectable hydrogel allowed Exos delivery to the surrounding microenvironment in a time-released manner. Additionally, exosomal PD-L1, embedded in a hydrogel, markedly promoted callus formation and fracture healing in a murine model at the early over-active inflammation phase. Importantly, our results suggested that activation of T cells in the peripheral lymphatic tissues was inhibited after local administration of PD-L1-enriched Exos to the fracture sites, while T cells in distant immune organs such as the spleen were not affected. In summary, this study provides the first example of using PD-L1-enriched Exos for bone fracture repair, and highlights the potential of Hydrogel@Exos systems for bone fracture therapy through immune inhibitory effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.