ArticleVirus evolution2021
Spatial and temporal coevolution of N2 neuraminidase and H1 and H3 hemagglutinin genes of influenza A virus in US swine.
Article in Virus evolution, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diverse genomic landscape of swine influenza A virus in England (2014-2021).Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis and Transmission of a Reassorted H1 Influenza A Virus Detected in North American Swine.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Influenza A virus infection dynamics in two sow herds and effects of interventions.Porcine health management · 2026Article
- Ecological drivers of evolution of swine influenza in the United States: a review.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Review
- Rapid surge of reassortant A(H1N1) influenza viruses in Danish swine and their zoonotic potential.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Active surveillance for influenza A virus in swine reveals within-farm reassortment and cocirculation of distinct subtypes and genetic clades.Veterinary microbiology · 2025Article
- Sources and sinks of influenza A virus genomic diversity in swine from 2009 to 2022 in the United States.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Revealing Reassortment in Influenza A Viruses with TreeSort.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Article
- Evolutionary Insights from Association Rule Mining of Co-Occurring Mutations in Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase.Viruses · 2024Article
- Pathogenesis and Transmission Assessment of 3 Swine-Origin Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses With Zoonotic Risk to Humans Isolated in the United States, 2017-2020.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Nucleoprotein reassortment enhanced transmissibility of H3 1990.4.a clade influenza A virus in swine.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Immune response in influenza virus infection and modulation of immune injury by viral neuraminidase.Virology journal · 2023Review
- Reverse-zoonoses of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza A viruses and evolution in United States swine results in viruses with zoonotic potential.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Introductions of Human-Origin Seasonal H3N2, H1N2 and Pre-2009 H1N1 Influenza Viruses to Swine in Brazil.Viruses · 2023Article
- Characterizing a century of genetic diversity and contemporary antigenic diversity of N1 neuraminidase in influenza A virus from North American swine.Virus evolution · 2023Article
- Article
- Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of an Expanding H3 Influenza A Virus Clade in U.S. Swine Visualized by Nextstrain.mSphere · 2022Article
- Alternating 3 different influenza vaccines for swine in Europe for a broader antibody response and protection.Veterinary research · 2022Article
- Evolution and Antigenic Advancement of N2 Neuraminidase of Swine Influenza A Viruses Circulating in the United States following Two Separate Introductions from Human Seasonal Viruses.Journal of virology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) are essential surface glycoproteins of influenza A virus (IAV). In this study, the evolution of subtype N2 NA paired with H1 and H3 subtype HA in swine was evaluated to understand if the genetic diversity of HA and NA were linked. Using time-scaled Bayesian phylodynamic analyses, the relationships of paired swine N2 with H1 or H3 from 2009 to 2018 were evaluated. These data demonstrated increased relative genetic diversity within the major N2 clades circulating in swine in the USA (N2.1998 between 2014 and 2017 and N2.2002 between 2010 and 2016). Preferential pairing was observed among specific NA and HA genetic clades. Gene reassortment between cocirculating influenza A strains resulted in novel pairings that persisted. The changes in genetic diversity in the NA gene were quantified using Bayesian phylodynamic analyses, and increases in diversity were observed subsequent to novel NA-HA reassortment events. The rate of evolution among NA-N2 clades and HA-H1 and HA-H3 clades were similar. Bayesian phylodynamic analyses demonstrated strong spatial patterns in N2 genetic diversity, but frequent interstate movement of rare N2 clades provided opportunity for reassortment and emergence of new N2-HA pairings. The frequent regional movement of pigs and their influenza viruses is an explanation for the documented patterns of reassortment and subsequent changes in gene diversity. The reassortment and evolution of NA and linked HA evolution may result in antigenic drift of both major surface glycoproteins, reducing vaccine efficacy, with subsequent impact on animal health.
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