ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2021
Insights Into the Coinfections of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis B Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus-Hepatitis C Virus: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Seroepidemiological Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Coinfection: A Large-Scale Retrospective Cohort Study in Istanbul.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Factors associated with HCV coinfection and preferences for HCV screening services among people living with HIV/AIDS.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence and Demographic Distribution of Blood-Borne Viral Infections among Hemodialysis Patients in Sudan: A Multicenter Study from Conflict-Affected Khartoum State.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Low seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus and absence of hepatitis C virus among patients attending dental clinics in Mogadishu, Somalia.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Prevalence and determinants of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and liver injury among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in the Upper East Region of Ghana.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Tattoo practices and risk of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in the French Constances study.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2026Article
- A self-heating, multi-channel slider cassette for innovative point-of-care molecular diagnostics from whole blood samples.Biosensors & bioelectronics · 2025Article
- HBsAg loss in HIV/HBV coinfected patients: Hepatitis B cure insights and implications.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2025Review
- Ultrasensitive and Multiplexed Target Detection Strategy Based on Photocleavable Mass Tags and Mass Signal Amplification.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- From Management to Cure: The Shifting Paradigm in HIV and Chronic Viral Hepatitis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- AMPK activation by hepatitis E virus infection inhibits viral replication through attenuation of autophagosomes and promotion of innate immunity.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Efficacy of Repurposed Antiretrovirals in Hepatitis B Virus Treatment: A Narrative Review of the Pros and Cons.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Combined therapy with the estrogen receptor ERα and IFNα-2b suppresses HBV replication by inducing GBP1 expression.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Hepatitis B prevalence and risk factors among adults living with HIV in South Africa: a clinic-based cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Comorbidities and Monitoring in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B on Nucleos(t)ide Analogues Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia, Southeast Asia: A Critical Perspective.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2024Article
- Testing Hepatitis E Seroprevalence among HIV-Infected Patients in Greece: The SHIP Study.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Screening of genes co-associated with osteoporosis and chronic HBV infection based on bioinformatics analysis and machine learning.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Predictors of survival among patients with chronic hepatitis C at a tertiary care center in Oman.Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus are three blood-borne viruses that can cause major global health issues by increasing severe morbidity. There is a high risk of coinfection with these viruses in individuals because of their same transmission routes through blood using shared needles, syringes, other injection equipment, sexual transmission, or even vertical transmission. Coinfection can cause various liver-related illnesses, non-hepatic organ dysfunction, followed by death compared to any of these single infections. The treatment of coinfected patients is complicated due to the side effects of antiviral medication, resulting in drug resistance, hepatotoxicity, and a lack of required responses. On the other hand, coinfected individuals must be treated with multiple drugs simultaneously, such as for HIV either along with HBV or HCV and HBV and HCV. Therefore, diagnosing, treating, and controlling dual infections with HIV, HBV, or HCV is complicated and needs further investigation. This review focuses on the current prevalence, risk factors, and pathogenesis of dual infections with HIV, HBV, and HCV. We also briefly overviewed the diagnosis and treatment of coinfections of these three blood-borne viruses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.