ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2022
Association of smoking, lung function and COPD in COVID-19 risk: a two-step Mendelian randomization study.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Use of Preventable Risk Integrated Model on behavioral risk factors: a scoping review and bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- The associations of human genetic variations with airway microbiome, environmental exposures, and respiratory health.mSystems · 2026Article
- Cigarette smoking and SARS-CoV-2 infection: multivariable regression and Mendelian randomization analyses in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- High BMI and smoking jointly cause COPD: a Mendelian randomisation study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Article
- The impact of smoking on respiratory rehabilitation efficacy and correlation analysis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Mendelian Randomization Analysis of the Causal Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Hospital Costs.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- The Relationship between Smoking and Susceptibility to HIV Infection: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Shared genetic architecture between COVID-19 and irritable bowel syndrome: a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Prognosis Predictive Markers in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and COVID-19.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Relationship between periodontitis and COVID-19: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Health science reports · 2023Article
- Pregnancy Outcomes, Immunophenotyping and Immunohistochemical Findings in a Cohort of Pregnant Patients with COVID-19-A Prospective Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Proteome-wide Mendelian randomization implicates nephronectin as an actionable mediator of the effect of obesity on COVID-19 severity.Nature metabolism · 2023Article
- Actionable targets to reduce COVID-19 severity.Nature metabolism · 2023Article
- Health-Risk Behaviors among Chinese Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Major depressive disorder plays a vital role in the pathway from gastroesophageal reflux disease to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Article
- Does ACE2 mediate the detrimental effect of exposures related to COVID-19 risk: A Mendelian randomization investigation.Journal of medical virology · 2023Article
- The causal effect of physical activity intensity on COVID-19 susceptibility, hospitalization, and severity: Evidence from a mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Helping patients with chronic diseases quit smoking by understanding their risk perception, behaviour, and smoking-related attitudes.PloS one · 2023Article
- Are inflammatory bowel diseases associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 susceptibility and severity? A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Article
- Patients' characteristics and 30-day mortality for those undergoing elective surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh.PloS one · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsSmoking increases the risk of severe COVID-19, but whether lung function or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mediate the underlying associations is unclear. We conducted the largest Mendelian randomization study to date, to our knowledge, to address these questions.
designMendelian randomization study using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), FinnGen and UK Biobank. The main analysis was the inverse variance weighted method, and we included a range of sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the findings.
settingGWAS which included international consortia, FinnGen and UK Biobank.
participantsThe sample size ranged from 193 638 to 2 586 691. MEASUREMENTS: Genetic determinants of life-time smoking index, lung function [e.g. forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV
resultsSmoking increased the risk of COVID-19 compared with population controls for overall COVID-19 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.19 per standard deviation (SD) of life-time smoking index, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11-1.27], hospitalized COVID-19 (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.42-1.97) or severe COVID-19 (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.10-1.98), with directionally consistent effects from sensitivity analyses. Lung function and COPD liability did not appear to mediate these associations.
conclusionThere is genetic evidence that smoking probably increases the risk of severe COVID-19 and possibly also milder forms of COVID-19. Decreased lung function and increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease do not seem to mediate the effect of smoking on COVID-19 risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.