ArticleJournal of addiction medicine
Assessment of Kratom Use Disorder and Withdrawal Among an Online Convenience Sample of US Adults.
Article in Journal of addiction medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Kratom (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Managing 7-Hydroxymitragynine Use Disorder with Buprenorphine-Naloxone.Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare · 2026Article
- Clinically characterizing adults who use kava or kratom: Substance use disorder assessment challenges for increasingly popular botanical products.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- Association of behavioral economic demand for kratom with DSM-5 use disorder: quantity and likelihood-based demand approaches.Addictive behaviors reports · 2025Article
- Is bedtime use of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) a sleep aid or disruptor? Examining its daily effects and individual differences.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Kratom use among ethnobotanical tea bar patrons in Colorado: Subjective drug effects, adverse reactions, and perceived benefits of use.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- Unveiling the Complexities of Medications, Substance Abuse, and Plants for Recreational and Narcotic Purposes: An In-Depth Analysis.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use for self-management of pain: Insights from cross-sectional and ecological momentary assessment data.The journal of pain · 2025Article
- Kratom addiction per DSM-5 SUD criteria, and kratom physical dependence: Insights from dosing amount versus frequency.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Novel methods for the remote investigation of emerging substances: Application to kratom.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Kratom safety and toxicology in the public health context: research needs to better inform regulation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Growing pains with kratom: experiences discussed in subreddits contrast with satisfaction expressed in surveys.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Effects of kratom on driving: Results from a cross-sectional survey, ecological momentary assessment, and pilot simulated driving Study.Traffic injury prevention · 2024Article
- Correlations of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use behavior and psychiatric conditions from a cross-sectional survey.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2023Observational
- Evaluating health information provided to kratom consumers by good manufacturing practice-qualified vendors.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2023Article
- Kratom use disorder and unfolded protein response: Evaluating their relationship in a case control study.PloS one · 2023Article
- Examining the paradoxical effects of kratom: a narrative inquiry.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Kratom's Emergence and Persistence Within the US Polydrug Epidemic.Current addiction reports · 2023Review
- For Better or Worse: Self-reported Changes in Kratom and Other Substance Use as a Result of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Substance abuse : research and treatment · 2022Article
- Searching for a Signal: Self-Reported Kratom Dose-Effect Relationships Among a Sample of US Adults With Regular Kratom Use Histories.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionSince 2007, kratom use in the United States has increased, centered around nonmedical self-treatment of pain, psychiatric, and substance use disorder symptoms. Reports of kratom withdrawal have emerged amidst description of therapeutic effects, yet we know little about disordered use. Our objective was to assess Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 substance use disorder for kratom ("kratom use disorder," KUD) and examine kratom withdrawal symptoms among those who ever used regularly. We also sought to identify clinical characteristics of respondents who qualified for current, remitted, or never KUD.
methodsBetween April and May 2021, we re-recruited online respondents who reported lifetime kratom use on an unrelated survey into our cross-sectional kratom survey study, permitting a diverse sample of current and former kratom-using persons.
resultsA total of 129/289 (44.6%) evaluable surveys were obtained. Over half (52.7%) of respondents never met KUD diagnostic criteria; 17.8% were assessed remitted, and 29.5% met current (past-year) KUD threshold. For past-year KUD, severity was: 14.0% mild, 7.0% moderate, and 8.5% severe. Pain, psychiatric symptoms, and polydrug use were found across all groups. KUD symptoms reflected increased use, tolerance, withdrawal, unsuccessful quit attempts, and craving; 9.3% reported decreases in important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of use. Withdrawal symptoms were moderate and included gastrointestinal upset, restlessness, anxiety, irritability, fatigue/low energy, and craving.
conclusionsAs assessed here, tolerance and withdrawal are primary KUD features rather than psychosocial impairments. As kratomis often used among persons with a myriad of health conditions, clinicians should be aware of and assess for kratom use and withdrawal.
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Registered trials
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