ArticleNeuro-oncology2022
Pattern of treatment failures in patients with central nervous system non-germinomatous germ cell tumors (CNS-NGGCT): A pooled analysis of clinical trials.
Article in Neuro-oncology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Low-Level Cerebrospinal Fluid β-hCG Elevation in Patients with Pineal Parenchymal Tumors: A Four-Case Series and Diagnostic Caution.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Decisional Tree for Pineal Tumors.Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery · 2026Review
- Comparison of treatment outcomes between combined chemotherapy-radiation therapy (chemo-RT) and radiation therapy alone (RT) for intracranial germ cell tumors in adolescent and young adult patients (AYA).Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumors in children and adolescents: how can the experience from an uppermiddle-income country contribute to the worldwide effort to improve outcomes?Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Endoscope-assisted microsurgical resection of a third ventricular immature teratoma.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2023Article
- Pineal/germ cell tumors and pineal parenchymal tumors.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2023Review
- Occult extracranial malignancy after complete remission of pineal mixed germ cell tumors: a rare case report and literature review.BMC pediatrics · 2023Review
- Multiple ectopic recurrent germ cell tumors after total pineal mature teratoma removal: A case report and literature review.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- CNS non-germinomatous germ cell tumor (NGGCT): Lessons from the recent past.Neuro-oncology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 10 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCentral Nervous System Non-Germinomatous Germ Cell Tumors (CNS-NGGCT) are rare but curable tumors. Due to their rarity, patients with treatment failures remain a poorly characterized group with unfavorable outcomes. In this study, we sought to characterize patients with treatment failures in a large, prospectively treated cohort.
methodsEuropean and North American clinical trials for patients with CNS-NGGCT (SIOP-GCT-96, SFOP-TGM-TC 90/92, COG-ACNS0122, and COG-ACNS1123) were pooled for analysis. Additionally, patients included and treated in the UK and France national registries under strict protocol guidelines were included as an independent, non-overlapping cohort.
resultsA total of 118 patients experienced a treatment failure. Twenty-four patients had progressive disease during therapy, and additional 11 patients were diagnosed with growing teratoma syndrome (GTS). Patients with GTS are significantly younger and present with local failures and negative tumor markers. Eighty-three individuals experienced disease relapses after treatment ended. Patients' metastatic relapses presented significantly earlier than local relapses and were associated with tumor marker elevation (OR: 4.39; P = .026). In our analysis, focal or whole-ventricular radiation therapy was not associated with an increased risk of metastatic relapses.
conclusionsHerein, we present the largest pooled dataset of prospectively treated patients with relapsed CNS-NGGCT. Our study identified younger age and negative tumor markers to be characteristic of GTS. Additionally, we elucidated that metastatic relapses occur earlier than local relapses are associated with elevated tumor markers and are not associated with the field of radiation therapy. These findings are of utmost importance for the planning of future clinical trials and the implementation of surveillance strategies in these patients.
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