ReviewMedical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research2022
A Review of Current Clinical Concepts in the Pathophysiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Hypercalcemia.
Review in Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Progression of primary mediastinal T-cell lymphoma to a multicentric form in a young dog.The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne · 2026Article
- Isolated nonparathyroid hormone-mediated hypercalcemia: a rare presentation of retroperitoneal sarcoidosis.JCEM case reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of hospitalized oncological patients with hypercalcemia: a longitudinal, multicenter study.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2026Observational
- Severe Hypocalcemia in Hungry Bone Syndrome After Parathyroid Surgery: A Case Study and Review.The American journal of case reports · 2026Review
- Gestational hypercalcemia: a narrative review of literature.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines for Periodic Health Examination: Screening for Renal, Metabolic, Nutritional, and Endocrine Disorders.Acta medica Philippina · 2026Article
- Construction of a Risk Identification Model Based on Electrolytes and Related Factors for Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: A Secondary Analysis of Clinical Trial Data.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Bisphosphonate-related ocular adverse events: a pharmacovigilance study based on the FAERS database.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- A Characteristic Electrocardiographic Manifestation Suggests Hypercalcemia.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Pseudohypercalcemia in Paraproteinemia: A Case and Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Biased antibodies and beyond: a new era in the diagnosis of PTH-dependent hypercalcemia.Endocrine journal · 2025Review
- Article
- Intramuscular synthol injections cause hypercalcemia in long-term observation: a case report study.BMC nephrology · 2025Article
- Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Calcium is the most abundant extracellular cation in the body, and it is responsible for structural and enzymatic functions. Calcium homeostasis is regulated by 3 factors: calcitonin, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Hypercalcemia is defined by a serum calcium concentration >10.5 mg/dL, and it is classified into mild, moderate, and severe, depending on calcium values. Most cases are caused by primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancies. Various mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of hypercalcemia, such as excessive PTH production, production of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrp), bone metastasis, extrarenal activation of vitamin D, and ectopic PTH secretion. The initial approach is similar in most cases, but a definitive treatment depends on etiology, that is why etiological investigation is mandatory in all cases. The majority of patients are asymptomatic and diagnosed during routine exams; only a small percentage of patients present with severe manifestations which can affect neurological, muscular, gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular systems. Clinical manifestations are related to calcium levels, with higher values leading to more pronounced symptoms. Critically ill patients should receive treatment as soon as diagnosis is made. Initial treatment involves vigorous intravenous hydration and drugs to reduce bone resorption such as bisphosphonates and, more recently, denosumab, in refractory cases; also, corticosteroids and calcitonin can be used in specific cases. This review aims to provide a clinical update on current concepts of the pathophysiology of calcium homeostasis, epidemiology, screening, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of hypercalcemia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.