ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2022
Lack of association between pandemic chilblains and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- The seven enigmas of SARS-CoV-2: from the past to the future.Journal of human immunity · 2025Article
- Enhanced TLR7-dependent production of type I interferon by pDCs underlies pandemic chilblains.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Heightened Innate Immune and Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Skin of Severe COVID-19 Cases.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Article
- Emergency department referrals for CT imaging of extremity soft tissue infection: before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.BJR open · 2024Article
- Continuous population-level monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in a large European metropolitan region.iScience · 2023Article
- Abnormal thrombosis and neutrophil activation increase hospital-acquired sacral pressure injuries and morbidity in COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- "COVID toes": A true viral phenomenon or a diagnosis without a leg to stand on?JAAD international · 2022Review
- Pernio and early SARS-CoV-2 variants: natural history of a prospective cohort and the role of interferon.The British journal of dermatology · 2022Article
- Chilblains outbreak during COVID-19 pandemic: A Type-I interferonopathy?Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2022Article
- Purple toes following critical COVID-19 infection.Pediatric dermatology · 2022Article
- Dermatopathology of COVID-19 infection and vaccination.Pathologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2022Review
- Are 'COVID toes' actually caused by the coronavirus?Nature · 2022Article
- Viruses, Variants, and Vaccines: How COVID-19 Has Changed the Way We Look at Skin.Current dermatology reports · 2022Review
- Outpatient Management of COVID-19: A Primer for the Dermatologist.Current dermatology reports · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
28 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
An increased incidence of chilblains has been observed during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and attributed to viral infection. Direct evidence of this relationship has been limited, however, as most cases do not have molecular evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection with PCR or antibodies. We enrolled a cohort of 23 patients who were diagnosed and managed as having SARS-CoV-2-associated skin eruptions (including 21 pandemic chilblains [PC]) during the first wave of the pandemic in Connecticut. Antibody responses were determined through endpoint titration enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum epitope repertoire analysis. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were assessed by T cell receptor sequencing and in vitro SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific peptide stimulation assays. Immunohistochemical and PCR studies of PC biopsies and tissue microarrays for evidence of SARS-CoV-2 were performed. Among patients diagnosed and managed as "covid toes" during the pandemic, we find a percentage of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (9.5%) that approximates background seroprevalence (8.5%) at the time. Immunohistochemistry studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 staining in PC biopsies may not be from SARS-CoV-2. Our results do not support SARS-CoV-2 as the causative agent of pandemic chilblains; however, our study does not exclude the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 seronegative abortive infections.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.