ReviewVaccines2022
The Effect of Smoking on Humoral Response to COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies.
Review in Vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 vaccination and antibody response in healthcare workers: a longitudinal serological study following the 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccination campaign.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Herpes zoster vaccination and cognitive disorders in older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Measles seroprevalence among health care professionals during a period of increased transmission: A pilot study in Southern Italy.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Article
- Live Zoster Vaccination and the Reduced Risk of Chronic Respiratory Diseases: An Emulated Target Trial.Allergy · 2026Article
- Dynamic immune dysregulation in severe mental illness: Exaggerated innate and attenuated adaptive immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Exposure-inducible genes may contribute to missingness in RNAseq-based gene expression analyses.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Estimating the association between cigarette and e-cigarette use patterns and SARS-CoV-2 negative conversion time: retrospective online survey in China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Effect of Homologous and Heterologous Booster in COVID-19 Vaccination.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Does Tobacco Smoking Affect Vaccine-Induced Immune Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Occult Serologically Confirmed Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus among the General Population in the Era of the Fourth Vaccination.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine dose significantly extends humoral immune response half-life beyond the primary series.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis present higher immune response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine compared to normal individuals.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2024Article
- Risk of COVID-19 Hospitalization and Protection Associated With mRNA Vaccination Among US Adults With Psychiatric Disorders.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Observational
- Article
- Using Regional Sero-Epidemiology SARS-CoV-2 Anti-S Antibodies in the Dominican Republic to Inform Targeted Public Health Response.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Article
- A Systematic Evaluation of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Anti-S-RBD-Ig Response in a Population of Health Care Workers.Vaccines · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While the role of active smoking on response to vaccines is yet to be fully understood, some real-world studies have outlined a possible link between smoking and humoral response to COVID-19 vaccines. Thus, the present rapid systematic review aimed at summarizing the current epidemiological evidence on this association. Following PRISMA and WHO guidelines on rapid systematic reviews, we systematically reviewed published literature on this topic and discussed the findings according to the aim of analysing smoking and its impact on humoral response to COVID-19 postvaccination antibody titres. The search strategy yielded a total of 23 articles. The sample size amongst the studies ranged between 74 and 3475 participants (median, 360), with the proportion of smokers being between 4.2% and 40.8% (median, 26.0%). The studies included in this review analysis investigated the dynamics of antibody response to different type of COVID-19 vaccines. In 17 out of 23 studies, current smokers showed much lower antibody titres or more rapid lowering of the vaccine-induced IgG compared with nonsmokers. This rapid systematic review indicates that active smoking negatively impacts humoral response to COVID-19 vaccines, although the pathophysiologic mechanisms for this association have not been entirely suggested. The results advocate targeted policies to promote tailored health promotion initiatives, which can increase risk perception and ensure appropriate protection measures to be taken to avoid the health consequences of COVID-19 in smokers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.