ReviewJournal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association2022
Sex differences in preterm nutrition and growth: the evidence from human milk associated studies.
Review in Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Unveiling socio-demographic determinants of low birth weight using machine learning techniques.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in Preterm Milk: A Step Toward the Individualized Fortification of Mother's Own Milk?Nutrients · 2025Article
- Factors That May Affect Breast Milk Macronutrient and Energy Content: A Critical Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Controversies in Parenteral Protein Intake in Preterm Infants.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- From Mother-Fetus Dyad to Mother-Milk-Infant Triad: Sex Differences in Macronutrient Composition of Breast Milk.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Impact of Breastfeeding Practices on Autistic Traits in Chinese Children Aged from 3 to 4 Years: Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Body Composition in Preterm Infants: Current Insights and Emerging Perspectives.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Breastfeeding and parents' socioeconomic status buffer dental developmental stress in female infants.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2025Article
- The effects of breastfeeding duration on children's behavior problems at around 3 years of age.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Improving growth in preterm infants through nutrition: a practical overview.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- Impact of sex, race, and social determinants of health on neonatal outcomes.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- The impact of gender medicine on neonatology: the disadvantage of being male: a narrative review.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2023Review
- The role of human milk fats in shaping neonatal development and the early life gut microbiota.Microbiome research reports · 2023Review
- Relevance of sex-differenced analyses in bioenergetics and nutritional studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism of the fetus manifests itself even during pregnancy. Preterm births are more common in pregnancies with male fetuses. Intrauterine and postnatal growth nomograms are sex-specific. The human milk composition in term infants appears to be sex-specific. Early nutrition has sex-specific effects and neurodevelopmental outcomes. A large same-sex twin study suggests that a mother's own milk (MOM) provides sex-specific growth advantages probably related to the calibration of a mother's milk based on her newborn's sex. Formula composition does not vary with infant sex, which may be one reason why body composition data favors the use of MOM over formula. However, given the lack of data on this subject, we need more detailed information on how the sex-specific micronutrients in MOM influence infant well-being. We also need more information to ascertain the sex differences in infants' macronutrient requirements, such as whether preterm females have higher fat requirements and preterm males have higher protein requirements for optimal growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes. This information may also influence milk banking and the use of donor human milk (DBM). Further research may help us determine if we should provide sex-specific DBM to those preterm infants who cannot get their MOM.
Indexed as
Identifiers
35210540What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.