ReviewMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)2022
Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Immunopathogenesis and Therapy.
Review in Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 198 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
198 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 341 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Methodological Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- Kikuchi-Fujimoto in the light of the COVID-19: infection and vaccination. A systematic review.Clinical rheumatology · 2025Pooled it
- Association between Guillain-Barré syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, including the impact of COVID-19 vaccination in the context of the development and general clinical characteristics of the disease.Journal of neurovirology · 2025Pooled it
- Autoantibodies as potential prognostic factors for clinical outcomes related to COVID-19: a systematic review of inception prospective cohort studies with GRADE recommendations.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2025Pooled it
- Extracorporeal Blood Purification with the oXiris® Filter for Patients with Sepsis and Hyperinflammatory Conditions: The Asia-Pacific oXiris Expert Meeting 2024 Consensus Statements.Blood purification · 2025Guideline
- Sleep disturbance increases the risk of severity and acquisition of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of medical research · 2023Pooled it
- Endotheliopathy in Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Dynamic changes in cardiac autonomic function persist in the postacute phase after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model of COVID-19.Heart rhythm O2 · 2026Article
- Cytokine-Driven Hyperinflammation in Long COVID: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, Complement Dysregulation, and Emerging Immunotherapies-A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Pathogens in Oncolytic Virotherapy: A Comprehensive Review.Reviews in medical virology · 2026Review
- DIVAS: an R package for identifying shared and individual variations of multiomics data.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Development of Wedelia (Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Neurological impairment in long COVID: implications for neurodegenerative disease.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Clinical and Inflammatory Predictors of Neurocognitive Decline in Long COVID: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study with Propensity Score Matching.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- Heat-inactivated Bacillus spores attenuate poly I:C-induced lung inflammation and microbiome alterations through modulation of host immune responses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The diagnostic and prognostic value of miR-200b on severe pneumonia.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- A Post-GWAS Analysis of the Shared Genetic Architecture Between COVID-19 and Coronary Artery Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Reverse Takotsubo Syndrome Triggered by COVID-19-Associated Cytokine Storm: Unveiling a Novel Pattern of Myocardial Dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Interaction of coronavirus E protein with BRD2 plays important regulatory roles in viral replication and induction of pro-inflammatory response.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Defective RNA Polymerase III sensing of mitochondrial DNA in pulmonary epithelial cells impairs type I IFN immunity to SARS-CoV-2.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
138 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A cytokine storm is a hyperinflammatory state secondary to the excessive production of cytokines by a deregulated immune system. It manifests clinically as an influenza-like syndrome, which can be complicated by multi-organ failure and coagulopathy, leading, in the most severe cases, even to death. The term cytokine storm was first used in 1993 to describe the graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It was then reused to define the adverse syndromes secondary to the administration of immunostimulating agents, such as anti-CD28 antibodies or bioengineered immune cells, i.e., CAR T-cell therapy. Currently, the concept of cytokine storm has been better elucidated and extended to the pathogenesis of many other conditions, such as sepsis, autoinflammatory disease, primary and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and multicentric Castleman disease. Moreover, cytokine storm has recently emerged as a key aspect in the novel Coronavirus disease 2019, as affected patients show high levels of several key pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IP-10, GM-CSF, MCP-1, and IL-10, some of which also correlate with disease severity. Therefore, since the onset of the pandemic, numerous agents have been tested in the effort to mitigate the cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients, some of which are effective in reducing mortality, especially in critically ill patients, and are now becoming standards of care, such as glucocorticoids or some cytokine inhibitors. However, the challenge is still far from being met, and other therapeutic strategies are being tested in the hope that we can eventually overcome the disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.