SynthesisInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
A Clue on the Skin: A Systematic Review on Immunohistochemical Analyses of the Ligature Mark.
Synthesis in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- State-of-the-Art on Wound Vitality Evaluation: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Forensic application of CAMP expression for the determination of wound vitality in human compressed neck skin.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Death by hanging: possibilities and limits of medico-legal evidence.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Review
- Suicide by ligature strangulation and/or hanging inside a motor vehicle: a comprehensive review.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2025Review
- Post Mortem Molecular Biomarkers of Asphyxia: A Literature Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Forensic application of epidermal expression of HSP27 and HSP70 for the determination of wound vitality in human compressed neck skin.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Diagnostic Methods in Forensic Pathology: A New Sign in Death from Hanging.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Ligature Mark: Crime or Suicide?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Antigenicity Preservation Is Related to Tissue Characteristics and the Post-Mortem Interval: Immunohistochemical Study and Literature Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Myeloperoxydase and CD15 With Glycophorin C Double Staining in the Evaluation of Skin Wound Vitality in Forensic Practice.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Editorial: Skin lesion vitality assessment for forensic science: Current research and new perspectives.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA ligature mark is a common injury in cases of hanging or strangulation. Estimation of age and vitality of the ligature mark can be crucial for differentiating antemortem and postmortem wounds and to distinguish between simulated suicidal hanging or accidental strangulation to conceal a crime and not simulated events. The immunohistochemistry has been recommended by several Authors as a reliable tool to determine whether an injury was sustained during life or not. Unfortunately, no general agreement on the immunohistochemical markers to be used has been found among the scientific community. The aim of the study was to detect the type and function of the immunohistochemical markers useful in the assessment of the vitality and age of the ligature marks for routine diagnostics.
methodsPapers available on Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were reviewed according to the PRISMA statement.
resultsOnly eight papers satisfied all the following inclusion criteria: full texts in English dealing with human ligature marks and immunohistochemistry published on impacted or indexed scientific journals.
conclusionsThe assessment of the vitality of a ligature mark is still a challenging topic in forensic science. Under ideal conditions and in compliance with autopsy protocols, the diagnosis of death by hanging or strangulation on fresh bodies can be better supported by autopsy findings other than a ligature mark. The validation of immunohistochemical markers on large series could be of help in doubtful cases and differential diagnoses.
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