ReviewTropical medicine and infectious disease2022
Global and Regional Prevalence and Outcomes of COVID-19 in People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Tropical medicine and infectious disease, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exit Meta-Analysis on the Effect of HIV on COVID-19 Mortality, Hospitalization, and ICU Admission.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and uptake in people living with HIV.Nature human behaviour · 2024Pooled it
- The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on service delivery and treatment outcomes in people living with HIV: a systematic review.AIDS research and therapy · 2023Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of a community-based model for delivery of antiretroviral therapy to people with clinically stable HIV in Cambodia.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2025Trial
- COVID-19 Vaccination Refusal and Non-Uptake Among People Living with HIV in the United States.Journal of community health · 2026Review
- Mortality trends for diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease among people living with and without HIV in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020-2022.HIV medicine · 2026Article
- Synergy of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 Infections in the Human Brain.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Chronic Conditions and Adherence to COVID-19 Preventive Measures in Pitt County, North Carolina.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Prominent Features in HIV/AIDS Patients Co-Infected with SARS-CoV-2.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Article
- COVID-19 Incidence and Factors Influencing Infection Risk Among People Living With HIV in Türkiye: Is Current Issue the Vaccine Hesitancy-Opposition?The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2025Article
- Clinical Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in South Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Corporate strategies in agricultural enterprises: Adaptation and development in the СOVID-crisis environment.Heliyon · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and associated factors, based on HIV serostatus, in young people in Sofala province, Mozambique.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a series of patients living with HIV admitted for COVID-19 in a district hospital.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Observational
- Review
- COVID-19: Current Status and Future Prospects.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Predicting Intention to Receive COVID-19 Vaccination in People Living with HIV using an Integrated Behavior Model.Vaccines · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe relationship between HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and COVID-19 clinical outcome is uncertain, with conflicting data and hypotheses. We aimed to assess the prevalence of people living with HIV (PLWH) among COVID-19 cases and whether HIV infection affects the risk of severe COVID-19 or related death at the global and continental level.
methodsElectronic databases were systematically searched in July 2021. In total, 966 studies were screened following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Narratives were synthesised and data pooled for the global and continental prevalence of HIV-SARS-CoV-2 coinfection. The relative risks of severity and mortality in HIV-infected COVID-19 patients were computed using a random-effect model. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa score and Egger's test, and presented as funnel plots.
resultsIn total, 43 studies were included involving 692,032 COVID-19 cases, of whom 9097 (1.3%) were PLWH. The global prevalence of PLWH among COVID-19 cases was 2% (95% CI = 1.7-2.3%), with the highest prevalence observed in sub-Saharan Africa. The relative risk (RR) of severe COVID-19 in PLWH was significant only in Africa (RR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05-1.24), while the relative risk of mortality was 1.5 (95% CI = 1.45-2.03) globally. The calculated global risk showed that HIV infection may be linked with increased COVID-19 death. The between-study heterogeneity was significantly high, while the risk of publication bias was not significant.
conclusionsAlthough there is a low prevalence of PLWH among COVID-19 cases, HIV infection may increase the severity of COVID-19 in Africa and increase the risk of death globally.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.