ArticleJMIR mental health2022
The Impact of Long COVID-19 on Mental Health: Observational 6-Month Follow-Up Study.
Article in JMIR mental health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- The global prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder among patients coping with Post COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID): a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Anxiety and Depression Among Astana Reinfected Patients at 1-, 3-, and 6-Month Follow-Up in the Post-COVID Center.Canadian respiratory journal · 2025Trial
- Human brain matters: Navigating the neuropathology of COVID-19.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Changes in Uropathogen Distribution in Relation to the COVID-19 Pandemic Timeline.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Long COVID and Its Impact on Daily Functioning: Findings from the Si-Panda Behavioural Insights Survey in Slovenia.Zdravstveno varstvo · 2026Article
- Neuropsychological Mechanisms Associated with the Effectiveness of AI-Delivered Health Promotion Programs: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Exploring the Role of Race/Ethnicity, Metropolitan Status, and Health Insurance in Long COVID Among U.S. Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- A qualitative analysis of lived experiences, mental health treatment needs, and psychotherapeutic applications among veterans with long COVID.Psychological services · 2026Article
- Supporting the psychosocial well-being of patients with Long COVID: patient-informed strategies from a qualitative study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Understanding quality-of-life patterns in long COVID: How Symptoms and socioeconomic conditions shape patient wellbeing.PloS one · 2026Observational
- Global, regional, and national burden and trends of mental disorders in women of childbearing age: a systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2021.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Pre-pandemic lifestyle patterns and mental health outcomes among people reporting post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: evidence from a Slovenian population-based sample.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Long-term symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of healthcare workers in Qatar.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Psychological and Social Factors Associated With Reporting Post-COVID Symptoms Among German Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical nursing · 2025Article
- Precision Symptom Phenotyping Identifies Early Clinical and Proteomic Predictors of Distinct COVID-19 Sequelae.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Long COVID-19: A Concept Analysis.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- First episode of psychiatric and neuropsychiatric disease among patients infected with COVID-19: A scoping review.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Loneliness and Distress in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of German University Students.Clinical psychology in Europe · 2025Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe psychological impact of COVID-19 can be substantial. However, knowledge about long-term psychological outcomes in patients with COVID-19 is scarce.
objectiveIn this longitudinal, observational study, we aimed to reveal symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and symptoms of anxiety and depression up to 6 months after the onset of COVID-19-related symptoms in patients with confirmed COVID-19 and persistent complaints. To demonstrate the impact in nonhospitalized patients, we further aimed to compare these outcomes between nonhospitalized and hospitalized patients.
methodsDemographics, symptoms of PTSD (Trauma Screening Questionnaire [TSQ] ≥6 points) and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS] ≥8 points) were assessed at 3 and 6 months after the onset of COVID-19-related symptoms in members of online long COVID-19 peer support groups.
resultsData from 239 patients with confirmed COVID-19 (198/239, 82.8% female; median age: 50 [IQR 39-56] years) were analyzed. At the 3-month follow-up, 37.2% (89/239) of the patients had symptoms of PTSD, 35.6% (85/239) had symptoms of anxiety, and 46.9% (112/239) had symptoms of depression, which remained high at the 6-month follow-up (64/239, 26.8%, P=.001; 83/239, 34.7%, P=.90; 97/239, 40.6%, P=.08, respectively; versus the 3-month follow-up). TSQ scores and HADS anxiety and depression scores were strongly correlated at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups (r=0.63-0.71, P<.001). Symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression were comparable between hospitalized (n=62) and nonhospitalized (n=177) patients.
conclusionsA substantial percentage of patients with confirmed COVID-19 and persistent complaints reported symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, or depression 3 and 6 months after the onset of COVID-19-related symptoms. The prevalence rates of symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression were comparable between hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients and merely improved over time. Health care professionals need to be aware of these psychological complications and intervene on time in post-COVID-19 patients with persistent complaints.
trial registrationNetherlands Trial Register NTR8705; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/8705.
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