ArticlePerspectives in clinical research
Observational designs for real-world evidence studies.
Article in Perspectives in clinical research. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessment of real-world evidence research competencies in federated research networks: a maternal health fellowship program evaluation.JAMIA open · 2026Article
- The effect of an indirect anchorage reinforcement device on maxillary anterior intrusion with clear aligners: a three-dimensional finite element analysis and exploratory clinical validation.Progress in orthodontics · 2026Article
- Sex-Based Differences in Clinical and Social Outcomes in Qatari Youth with ADHD.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Short-Term Glycemic Outcomes Associated with Imeglimin Use Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Observational Study.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Observational
- A Practical Approach to Understanding Real-World Study Methodology in Cancer Research: A Vodcast.Oncology and therapy · 2025Article
- A Review of the Importance and Relevance of Real-World Data and Real-World Evidence.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Review
- Real-World Comparison of Telemonitoring Versus Conventional Care in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Those With Asthma-Impact on Clinical Outcomes and Patient Characteristics: Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Observational
- Designing a Visual Analytics Tool to Support Data Analysis Tasks of Digital Mental Health Interventions: Case Study.JMIR human factors · 2025Article
- Article
- A Real-World Evidence Primer for Advanced Practice Providers: Integrating P-Reality X Into Shared Decision-Making for People With HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer.Journal of the advanced practitioner in oncology · 2024Article
- Real-World Research on Retinal Diseases Using Health Claims Database: A Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Sex bias in prospective follow-up observational studies with drugs carried out in a southern region of Europe.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Traditional Chinese Medicine is Associated with the Reduction in Endpoint Events in Patients with Gouty Arthritis: Cohort Study and Association Rule Analysis.International journal of general medicine · 2024Article
- The Role of Real-World Evidence in Treatment Decision-Making, Regulatory Assessment, and Understanding the Perspectives of People with Type 2 Diabetes: Examples with Gliclazide MR.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2023Article
- COVID-19 and comedications in atrial fibrillation-a case-control study in Stockholm.European journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Worldwide Trends in Registering Real-World Studies at ClinicalTrials.gov: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.International journal of general medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the era of evidence-based medicine, real-world evidence (RWE) studies have opened avenues to utilize real-world data (RWD) effectively for improving clinical decision-making. However, the transformation of RWD into a meaningful RWE can only be achieved when the researcher asks the right clinical question, selects the right RWD source for variables of interest, uses the right study design, and applies the right statistical analysis. The generated RWE needs to have internal as well as external validity to be actionable. The "fit-for-purpose" observational study designs include descriptive, case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort. This article focuses on the advantages and disadvantages including the inherent bias of each study design. The RWE study decision guide has also been provided to aid the selection of appropriate study designs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.