ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Sustained Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Functions in Mild COVID-19 Outpatients During Convalescence.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tuberculosis treatment and cytotoxic immune signatures: a longitudinal study.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2026Article
- Polyfunctional antibody signature defines protection in Andes hantavirus survival.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal immune profiling uncovers regulatory T cell signatures associated with the progression of COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Impaired mucosal IgA response in patients with severe COVID-19.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Primary SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults results in similar Fc-mediated antibody effector function patterns.Clinical & translational immunology · 2024Article
- Difference in respiratory syncytial virus-specific Fc-mediated antibody effector functions between children and adults.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2023Review
- Atopy and Elevation of IgE, IgG3, and IgG4 May Be Risk Factors for Post COVID-19 Condition in Children and Adolescents.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- BNT162b2 induces robust cross-variant SARS-CoV-2 immunity in children.NPJ vaccines · 2022Article
- BNT162b2-induced neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions against SARS-CoV-2 diminish with age.Cell reports · 2022Article
- BNT162b2 induced neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions against SARSCoV-2 diminish with age.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2022Article
- Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty?Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has left researchers scrambling to identify the humoral immune correlates of protection from COVID-19. To date, the antibody mediated correlates of virus neutralization have been extensively studied. However, the extent that non-neutralizing functions contribute to anti-viral responses are ill defined. In this study, we profiled the anti-spike antibody subtype/subclass responses, along with neutralization and antibody-dependent natural killer cell functions in 83 blood samples collected between 4 and 201 days post-symptoms onset from a cohort of COVID-19 outpatients. We observed heterogeneous humoral responses against the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. Overall, anti-spike profiles were characterized by a rapid rise of IgA and sustained IgG titers. In addition, strong antibody-mediated natural killer effector responses correlated with milder disease and being female. While higher neutralization profiles were observed in males along with increased severity. These results give an insight into the underlying function of antibodies beyond neutralization and suggest that antibody-mediated natural killer cell activity is a key function of the humoral response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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