ArticleFrontiers in neurology2021
Theoretical and Therapeutic Implications of the Spasticity-Plus Syndrome Model in Multiple Sclerosis.
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Paroxysmal motor signs in multiple sclerosis: an illustrative videotaped case.Oxford medical case reports · 2026Article
- A proof-of-concept study on the effectiveness of botulinum toxin on spasticity plus syndrome in multiple sclerosis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Disease-Modifying Symptomatic Treatment (DMST) Potential of Cannabinoids in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Review
- Peripheral neuromodulation in spasticity-plus syndrome: effects of pulsed radiofrequency on tonic-painful disorders in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Spasticity patterns assessment and recognition for therapeutic approaches (SPARTA) in multiple sclerosis: a multicenter epidemiological study.Journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Spasticity-Plus syndrome in multiple sclerosis patients in a tertiary hospital in Spain.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Practical tool to identify Spasticity-Plus Syndrome amongst patients with multiple sclerosis. Algorithm development based on a conjoint analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Persistence with Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Spasticity Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis.Toxins · 2022Article
- Clinical insights on the spasticity-plus syndrome in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Enhancing the endocannabinoid system to treat residual disease in relapse-free multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in neurologyReview
- A combined therapeutic approach: extracorporeal shock wave therapy and botulinum toxin in multiple sclerosis-related spasticity.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), a typical pattern of muscle tone alteration, known as spasticity, is frequently observed in combination with other signs or symptoms such as spasms, cramps, pain, bladder dysfunction, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and tremor. Recently, the concept of spasticity-plus syndrome (SPS) has been proposed to take into account the frequent coexistence of all these complaints in patients with MS and a common pathophysiological basis for this putative new clinical entity has been proposed. Muscle tone, sleep, bladder function, and the pain pathway are controlled by cannabinoid CB1 (CB1R) and CB2 receptors (CB2R) that are particularly enriched in the brainstem. Axons with smaller diameters are particularly susceptible to conduction block and the irritative, ephaptic, consequences of demyelination and their involvement in the demyelination process caused by MS in the brainstem might underlie the various clinical manifestations of SPS. The adoption of SPS in clinical practice could be useful to improve symptomatic treatments in a significant proportion of patients with MS, possibly limiting the adverse events produced by polypharmacotherapy.
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