ArticleUrology annals
The core four - A panel of immunohistochemistry markers to diagnose and subtype testicular germ cell tumors.
Article in Urology annals. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Very late extragonadal recurrence of testicular seminoma presenting as a bladder mass: a case report.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Comparative Molecular and Genetic Landscape of Gonadal Germ Cell Tumors: Insights from Testicular and Ovarian Neoplasms.Cancers · 2026Review
- Oral metastasis of primary testicular choriocarcinoma: A case report and brief review of the literature.Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry · 2025Review
- Diagnostic Value of SALL4 and OCT3/4 in Pediatric Testicular Tumors.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A Rare Case of a Non-seminomatous Testicular Cancer Metastasis to the Duodenum: A Case Report.Cureus · 2024Article
- Article
- Review
- What You See Is Not What You Get: Germ Cell Tumor Mimicking Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis.Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reportsArticle
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextImmunohistochemistry (IHC) to differentiate germ cell tumors.
aimsThe aim of the study is to differentiate seminomatous and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (GCTs) with morphological overlap using a minimal and affordable panel of IHC markers. SETTINGS AND
designThis is a retrospective observational study. SUBJECTS AND
methodsAll testicular GCTs (TGCT) which were diagnosed on biopsies and/or resection specimens (prechemotherapy) between January 2014 and June 2019. The demographic, clinical, and imaging findings were noted from the medical records. Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)-stained sections were reviewed for morphology. The IHC markers constituted Octamer-binding transcription factor (OCT) 3/4, glypican 3 (GPC3), CD117, CD30, placental-like alkaline phosphatase, Sal-like protein 4, and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). IHC markers were performed in various combinations depending on the morphology, and a panel constituting OCT 3/4, CD117, GPC3, and CD30 was performed on cases with diagnostic dilemma and morphological overlaps. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for suggested panel of IHC OCT 3/4, CD117, GPC3, and CD30.
resultsThe study included 36 patients with TGCT with a mean age of 27 (15-58) years. Nonseminomatous tumors were the most common (86%). The concise panel was performed in 20/36 (56%) tumors to resolve the diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for OCT3/4 were 80%, 55%, 31%, and 92% in seminomas and 65%, 100%, 100%, and 46% in embryonal carcinomas (EC), for CD117 was 89%, 82%, 73%, and 93% in seminomas and 60%, 77%, 60%, and 77% in yolk sac tumors (YST), for GPC3 was 95%, 90%, 95%, and 90% in YST, CD30 96%, 100%, 100%, and 91% in ECs, respectively.
conclusionsDesigning a novel concise and affordable IHC panel constituting OCT 3/4, CD117, GPC3, and CD30 has good sensitivity and specificity in differentiating seminomas, YST, and EC, respectively. Additional markers, namely β-HCG, can be used in identifying the choriocarcinoma component.
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