SynthesisClinical medicine (London, England)2022
How should we define a 'good' outcome from encephalitis? A systematic review of the range of outcome measures used in the long-term follow-up of patients with encephalitis.
Synthesis in Clinical medicine (London, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of Poor Neurological Outcomes Following Infectious Encephalitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.European journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical Outcome Assessments in Encephalitis: A Systematic ReviewNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Pooled it
- Repeat Lumbar Puncture in Adults With Encephalitis: Patient Characteristics, Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics, and Diagnostic Yield.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A new Patient-Reported Outcome Scale to assess autoimmune Encephalitis: PROSE.Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- Long-term outcomes of childhood encephalitis in Australia: burden and predictors from the Australian childhood encephalitis (ACE) prospective multicentre cohort.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation and Mental Health in Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Encephalitis: Bridging Biological Mechanisms and Psychosocial Factors.Archives of internal medicine research · 2026Article
- Psychiatric and behavioural sequelae following encephalitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain communications · 2026Review
- The relationship between patient-reported quality of life and clinician-rated outcome scores in patients with autoimmune encephalitis: a study of the Australian Autoimmune Encephalitis Consortium.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Predictors of return to work status among patients with autoimmune encephalitis at one year post-discharge: a prospective observational study.BMC neurology · 2025Observational
- Clinical Profile and Long-Term Outcomes of Scrub Typhus Meningoencephalitis in Children.Cureus · 2025Article
- Neurological syndromes associated with COVID-19: a multicenter study in Brazil.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Clinical and radiological characteristics and 1-year self-reported outcomes from patients with encephalitis and coronavirus disease 2019.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Observational
- Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in NMDA Receptor Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Observational
- Outcome and Sequelae of Autoimmune Encephalitis.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Review
- Can we forecast poor outcome in herpes simplex and varicella zoster encephalitis? A narrative review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionEncephalitis is typically caused by infection or autoimmunity. Most survivors suffer complex neurological and psychiatric sequelae. Standardised outcome measures are needed for accurate interpretation of observational studies and clinical trials. Step one in this process is understanding the strengths and weaknesses of those in use.
methodsWe performed a systematic literature review searching six databases. One reviewer screened titles and abstracts, and two reviewers determined if shortlisted full-text articles met inclusion criteria. Key data were extracted from these papers and presented as a narrative summary.
resultsThirty-seven outcome measures were used for 3,133 patients across the 35 included papers, of which, only one was developed for encephalitis. The outcome measures used in most patients were the Glasgow Outcome Score used in 1,436 (46%), Barthel Index used in 1,173 (37%), Euro-QoL-5D used in 1,107 (35%) and modified Rankin Scale used in 1,034 (33%).
conclusionMost of the 37 measures assessed a single category of sequelae using 5-8-point scales and were not validated for use in encephalitis. Research is needed to develop a composite outcome measure for use in clinical practice and a core-outcomes set for use in clinical trials. For now, the Liverpool Outcome Score offers a good choice for clinicians.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.