ArticleEuropean journal of neurology2022
Hormone therapy and disease activity in Danish women with multiple sclerosis: A population-based cohort study.
Article in European journal of neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menopause and neurological disorders: a roadmap for research.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- The Neurology of Menopause.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- The role of neuroactive steroids in psychiatric and neurological disorders: Neurobiology and therapeutic perspectives.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Sex-Related Differences in Lifestyle Factors Affecting Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility and Disease Progression.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Impact of sex on multiple sclerosis therapy.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
- Association of Menopause With Functional Outcomes and Disease Biomarkers in Women With Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology · 2025Observational
- Exploring the role of sex hormones and gender diversity in multiple sclerosis.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Article
- The influence of menopause on multiple sclerosis.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- All women with multiple sclerosis should start hormone replacement therapy at menopause unless contraindicated: Commentary.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2024Article
- Healthcare resource utilization and economic burden of multiple sclerosis in Chinese patients: results from a real-world survey.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Hormonal Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis: a Review of Clinical Data.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2024Review
- Hormone therapy and disease activity in Danish women with multiple sclerosis: A population-based cohort study.European journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Does menopause affect MS progression? Evidence and ongoing debates.Neurodegenerative disease managementArticle
- Menopause and ageing in women with multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in neurologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and purposeSex differences in multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence and disease course are thought to be driven by hormones. Exogenous exposure to estrogens may affect MS disease course. Thus, our aim was to investigate the association between hormone therapy (HT) and disease activity and disability accrual among women with MS.
methodsA register-based cohort study was conducted with prospectively enrolled cases from the Danish MS registry. Information on hormone exposure was retrieved from the National Prescription Registry. Outcomes were relapse rate, relapse rate ratio, recurrent relapses, 6-month confirmed and sustained Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) milestones 4 and 6, and recurrent EDSS worsening.
resultsIn all, 3325 women were eligible for analyses, of whom 333 (10%) were ever on HT at some time during follow-up. We found no association between HT and disability accrual, although a trend for increasing risk with increasing length of use was seen. The risk of reaching 6-month confirmed and sustained EDSS 4 among users was 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.3-1.2) after <1 year of use and 1.4 (95% CI = 0.9-2.2) after >5 years of HT compared to never use. The risk of recurrent relapse was increased by 20% (95% CI = 1.0-1.4) among current users of HT compared to nonusers. However, the risk of recurrent relapses was driven by the first calendar period (1996-2005) before the introduction of high-efficacy disease-modifying therapy.
conclusionsOur findings from this nationwide MS population suggest that HT does not affect disability accrual in women with MS, especially if used for <5 years.
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