Trial reportJournal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology2022
Minority Enrollment in Phase II and III Clinical Trials in Urologic Oncology.
Trial report in Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Race reporting and disparities regarding clinical trials in bladder cancer: a systematic review.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2022Pooled it
- Addressing multilevel barriers to clinical trial participation among Black and White men with prostate cancer through the PACCT study.Cancer medicine · 2023Trial
- Underrepresentation of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma Clinical Trials Within the United States.Annals of surgery · 2026Article
- Data Sources for Clinical T1 Renal Masses and the Potential for Bias.Clinical genitourinary cancer · 2025Article
- A Clinical Research Interaction Scale for Racial and Ethnic Minority Participants.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Gynecologic cancer clinical trial eligibility criteria as a marker for equitable clinical trial access.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Article
- The role of social, economic, and medical marginalization in cancer clinical trial participation inequities: A systematic review.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2025Review
- Winning hearts & minds: prostate cancer outreach and clinical trial enrollment in minority men.Translational cancer research · 2024Review
- Exploring representation of underrepresented minority men in a restorative therapy clinical trial for erectile dysfunction: addressing barriers and promoting inclusion.International journal of impotence research · 2024Review
- Current Status and Future Direction to Address Disparities in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Prostate Cancer Care.Current oncology reports · 2023Review
- Diversity, equity, and inclusion in genitourinary clinical trials leading to FDA novel drug approval: An assessment of the FDA center for drug evaluation and research drug trials snapshot.Current problems in cancer · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Participation of Patients From Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups in Phase 1 Early Cancer Drug Development Trials in the US, 2000-2018.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Prostate cancer screening in Black men in Canada: a case for risk-stratified care.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2022Article
- An evaluation of race-based representation among men participating in clinical trials for prostate cancer and erectile dysfunction.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2022Article
- Is representation enough or should we be targeting equitable inclusion?Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2022Article
- Variation in Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer on Fusion Biopsy of PI-RADS 3-5 Lesions Based on Ethnicity.American journal of men's healthArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeProportionate minority representation in clinical trials is an important step toward addressing health care inequities. Given the paucity of data on this topic in urologic oncology, we sought to quantify the enrollment of minority patients in clinical trials studying prostate, kidney, and bladder/urothelial cancers.
methodsThe ClincialTrials.gov database was queried for completed phase II and III interventional trials in prostate, kidney, and bladder cancers. The SEER database was used to calculate the US prevalence of these genitourinary cancers. Representation quotients (RQ) were calculated to describe the relative proportion of each racial/ethnic group enrolled in clinical trials over the proportion of persons from each group among national cancer cases by cancer type.
resultsOf 341 trials that met initial eligibility criteria, only 169 (49.7%) reported data on race or ethnicity. Aggregate RQs from 2000 to 2017 showed that White patients were continually over-represented in trials for all cancer types. Black and Asian patients were poorly represented across all cancer types. When stratified by 3-year increments, the RQs remained stable for all races, from 2000 to 2017. When stratified by ethnicity, Hispanic patients were under-represented across all cancer types in the study period. When examining representation by funding source, we found that US government-funded clinical trials proportionally enroll the most diverse patient populations over those funded by academic institutions and industry. Interestingly, more than 50% of the trials examined did not report race nor ethnicity, highlighting a crucial flaw in investigator compliance with federal clinical trial mandates.
conclusionClinical trials targeting prostate, kidney, and bladder cancers continue to under-represent racial/ethnic minority patients. On the basis of the incidence of these cancers within minority populations, efforts should focus on creating racially and ethnically inclusive cancer research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.