ReviewEmerging infectious diseases2022
Rising Incidence of Legionnaires' Disease and Associated Epidemiologic Patterns, United States, 1992-2018.
Review in Emerging infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of atypical pathogens in patients with severe pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2023Pooled it
- Associations between Legionellosis and meteorological variables in Ohio, 2001-2023.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2026Article
- Review
- Environmental Investigations of Travel-Associated Legionnaires' Disease Cases: Timeliness, Microbiological Findings, and Public Health Response.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Host, Pathogen, and Pulmonary Anatomy in Pneumonia: An Integrated Imaging and Clinical Perspective.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Genomic characterization ofPathogens and global health · 2026Article
- Article
- Seasonality and effects of climatic exposures on community-acquired Legionnaires' disease incidence, Italy, 2005 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Flushing as a Control Measure forEnvironmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Evolution and main causes of the rising legionellosis incidence in the United States.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Review
- Effect of Chloramine Disinfection of Community Water System on Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak, Minnesota, USA, 2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Incorporating Incubation Period Distributions to Precisely Estimate the Association Between Rainfall and Legionella Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- OptimizedMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Moving Beyond the Silos of Opportunistic Pathogen and Disinfection Byproduct Research to Improve Drinking Water System Management.Environmental science & technology · 2025Review
- Seasonal Dynamics and Legionellosis-Associated Hospitalization in Spain: A Retrospective Study.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Comparison of whole genome sequencing typing tools for the typing of Belgian Legionella pneumophila outbreaks isolates.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Article
- Two cases of Legionnaires' disease due toASM case reports · 2025Article
- Cluster of Legionellosis Cases Associated with Manufacturing Process, South Carolina, USA, 2022.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Reported Legionnaires' disease (LD) cases began increasing in the United States in 2003 after relatively stable numbers for >10 years; reasons for the rise are unclear. We compared epidemiologic patterns associated with cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention before and during the rise. The age-standardized average incidence was 0.48 cases/100,000 population during 1992-2002 compared with 2.71 cases/100,000 in 2018. Reported LD incidence increased in nearly every demographic, but increases tended to be larger in demographic groups with higher incidence. During both periods, the largest number of cases occurred among White persons, but the highest incidence was in Black or African American persons. Incidence and increases in incidence were generally largest in the East North Central, Middle Atlantic, and New England divisions. Seasonality was more pronounced during 2003-2018, especially in the Northeast and Midwest. Rising incidence was most notably associated with increasing racial disparities, geographic focus, and seasonality.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.