SynthesisEmerging microbes & infections2022
The Protection of Naturally Acquired Antibodies Against Subsequent SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Emerging microbes & infections, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Protective effectiveness of previous infection against subsequent SARS-Cov-2 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Incidence and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the pre-Omicron era: A global systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Severity and Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Compared with Primary Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Subsequent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Healthcare Workers: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Iran.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Systemic and mucosal immune signatures of protection against SARS-CoV-2 transmission in humans.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination status in six ethnic groups in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, May to November 2022.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- Frequency of SARS-CoV-2 Infections among Healthcare Workers in Germany: 3-Year Follow-Up Study.Infectious disease reports · 2024Article
- Population-Based Evaluation of Vaccine Effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Severe Illness, and Death, Taiwan.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Observational
- Short-term effectiveness of single-dose intranasal spray COVID-19 vaccine against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in healthcare workers: a prospective cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Studying the Humoral Response against SARS-CoV-2 in Cuban COVID-19 Recovered Patients.Journal of immunology research · 2024Article
- Article
- New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in the Setting of COVID-19 Infection Is a Predictor of Mortality in Hospitalized Patients: CovAF-Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Association of air pollution and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Correlation between Baseline 25(OH) Vitamin D Levels and Both Humoral Immunity and Breakthrough Infection Post-COVID-19 Vaccination.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Epidemiology and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with anti-nucleocapsid seropositivity in Cape Town, South Africa.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2022Article
- Association of Results of Four Lateral Flow Antibody Tests with Subsequent SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The specific antibodies induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection may provide protection against a subsequent infection. However, the efficacy and duration of protection provided by naturally acquired immunity against subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection remain controversial. We systematically searched for the literature describing COVID-19 reinfection published before 07 February 2022. The outcomes were the pooled incidence rate ratio (IRR) for estimating the risk of subsequent infection. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Statistical analyses were conducted using the R programming language 4.0.2. We identified 19 eligible studies including more than 3.5 million individuals without the history of COVID-19 vaccination. The efficacy of naturally acquired antibodies against reinfection was estimated at 84% (pooled IRR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.14-0.18), with higher efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 cases (pooled IRR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.07-0.12) than asymptomatic infection (pooled IRR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.14-0.54). In the subgroup analyses, the pooled IRRs of COVID-19 infection in health care workers (HCWs) and the general population were 0.22 (95% CI = 0.16-0.31) and 0.14 (95% CI = 0.12-0.17), respectively, with a significant difference (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.