SynthesisBrazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica2022
Why do men have worse COVID-19-related outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis with sex adjusted for age.
Synthesis in Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prognostic Factors of COVID-19: An Umbrella Review Endorsed by the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Representation in COVID-19 Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA internal medicine · 2023Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among healthcare workers in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Mortality Trends Involving Cardiac Arrest and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in U.S. Adults, 2004-2024.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Serum Apelin-13 and Galectin-3 in COVID-19: Associations With Routine Biochemical Parameters and Diagnostic Performance in a Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Signatures of Circulating Protein and Cellular Host Responses Predicting COVID-19 Severity.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Postpandemic Change in Demographic and Clinical Features of Patients With Omicron Who Were Hospitalized: Territory-Wide Retrospective Repeated Cross-Sectional Study in Hong Kong.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Concordance of Two- and Three-Gene SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Assays in Cameroon: Implications for Efficient Pandemic Response in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2026Article
- Viral respiratory infections and their co-occurrence among patients hospitalized in Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol, 2021-2024.Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2026Article
- COVID-19 immunopathological features for the prediction and prevention of future emerging respiratory viral infections.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Community-engaged COVID-19 contact tracing initiative in Chicago.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- An outlook on clinical and demographic variables in patients with severe COVID-19 across different waves in Mexico and SARS-CoV-2 variants: data from two high-specialty centers.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- A state wise analysis of the socioeconomic and health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in India: lessons for future health system preparedness.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The association between smoking and COVID-19 symptoms, severity, and post-COVID-19 symptoms: a cross-sectional survey study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Trends and disparities in obesity and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease mortality in a 25-year retrospective analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association between single-nucleotide polymorphism rs868875 of CLEC4M gene and clinical severity of COVID-19 in a Brazilian population.Immunogenetics · 2025Article
- Trends and cross-country inequities by region, sex, age in the mortality, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years of COVID-19: Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- An integrated multi-omic natural history study of human development, sexual dimorphism, and the effects of trisomy 21.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Analysis of the Impact of Weight Loss Thresholds on Mouse Models of Fatal Viral Infection.Viruses · 2025Article
- Whole-Exome Sequencing Reveals Rare Genetic Variants in Saudi COVID-19 Patients with Extreme Phenotypes.Viruses · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We aimed to study the mechanism behind worse coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) outcomes in men and whether the differences between sexes regarding mortality as well as disease severity are influenced by sex hormones. To do so, we used age as a covariate in the meta-regression and subgroup analyses. This was a systematic search and meta-analysis of observational cohorts reporting COVID-19 outcomes. The PubMed (Medline) and Cochrane Library databases were searched. The primary outcome was COVID-19-associated mortality and the secondary outcome was COVID-19 severity. The study was registered at PROSPERO: 42020182924. For mortality, men had a relative risk of 1.36 (95%CI: 1.17 to 1.59; I2 63%, P for heterogeneity <0.01) compared to women. Age was not a significant covariate in meta-analysis heterogeneity (P=0.393) or subgroup analysis. For disease severity, being male was associated with a relative risk of 1.29 (95%CI: 1.19 to 1.40; I2 48%, P for heterogeneity <0.01) compared to the relative risk of women. Again, age did not influence the outcomes of the meta-regression (P=0.914) or subgroup analysis. Men had a higher risk of COVID-19 mortality and severity regardless of age, decreasing the odds of hormonal influences in the described outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.