ReviewJournal of migration and health2022
Ethnic/racial minorities' and migrants' access to COVID-19 vaccines: A systematic review of barriers and facilitators.
Review in Journal of migration and health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 109 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
109 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 186 citations in OpenAlex.
- Barriers and facilitators to healthcare access for refugee, immigrant, and migrant populations during the COVID-19 pandemic: an overview of reviews.BMC health services research · 2026Pooled it
- The Impact of COVID-19 on Racialised Minority Populations: A Systematic Review of Experiences and Perspectives.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance and Hesitancy in Healthcare Workers and the General Population: A Systematic Review and Policy Recommendations.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Vaccine hesitancy in the refugee, immigrant, and migrant population in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Predictors of COVID-19 vaccination status among youth in eThekwini, South Africa: results from the AYAZAZI RIGHTS study.Global health action · 2026Article
- Incentivizing Immunity: Black and Latinx Individuals' Attitudes About COVID-19 Vaccine Incentives.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Determinants of trust among ethnic minority community members towards community-based organisations and leaders during pandemics and other emergencies in Australia.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Community-led vaccine strategies to boost COVID-19 vaccine uptake among racialized immigrant groups in Parc Extension, Quebec: a strengths-based exemplar study.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2026Article
- Article
- Authority, trust, and healthcare communication in a religious minority: the case of the Haredi community in Israel during COVID-19.BMC public health · 2026Article
- COVID-19 vaccine uptake in US adults with respiratory diseases: A cross-sectional study.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Exploring multilingual Covid-19 crisis communication in Finland through the lens of social marketing: a qualitative study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The where and the why: sources of information about COVID-19 vaccines among migrants in Australia.Global health promotion · 2026Article
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in COVID-19 Disease Severity Among US Adults in Health Systems Participating in PCORnet®: May 2020-October 2022.Medical care · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and Barriers to Vaccination: Comparing Perceptions Based on Vaccination Status.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Can mHealth improve migrant wellness during public health emergencies? A community-engaged qualitative study during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC digital health · 2026Article
- Trust in Information Sources and COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake.Public health challenges · 2025Article
- COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and preference for future delivery among language minority, newcomer, and racialized peoples in Canada: a national cross-sectional and longitudinal study.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- T-cell responses to highly conserved SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in Hispanic Americans receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
49 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere are widespread concerns that ethnic minorities and migrants may have inadequate access to COVID-19 vaccines. . Improving vaccine uptake among these vulnerable groups is important towards controlling the spread of COVID-19 and reducing unnecessary mortality. Here we perform a systematic review of ethnic minorities' and migrants' access to and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines.
methodsWe searched PubMed and Web of Science databases for papers published between 1 January 2020 and 7 October 2021. Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed articles; written in English, included data or estimates of ethnic minorities' or migrants' access to vaccines; and employed either qualitative or quantitative methods. Of a total of 248 studies screened, 33 met these criteria and included in the final sample. Risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using Newcastle Ottawa Scale and Critical Appraisal Skills Program tools. We conducted a Synthesis Without Meta-analysis for quantitative studies and a Framework synthesis for qualitative studies.
results31 of the included studies were conducted in high-income countries, including in the US (
conclusionsOur study found that low confidence in COVID-19 vaccines among Black ethnic minorities driven by mistrust and safety concerns led to high vaccine hesitancy in this group. Such vaccine hesitancy rates constitute a major barrier to COVID-19 vaccine uptake among this ethnic minority. For migrants, convenience factors such as language barriers, fear of deportation and reduced physical access reduced access to COVID-19 vaccines. Building trust, reducing physical barriers and improving communication and transparency about vaccine development through healthcare workers, religious and community leaders can improve access and facilitate uptake of COVID-19 vaccines among ethnic minority and migrant communities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.