ArticlePsychological research2023
Explicit vs. implicit spatial processing in arrow vs. eye-gaze spatial congruency effects.
Article in Psychological research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Face masks do not hinder gaze-triggered social attention.Psychological research · 2026Article
- When gaze conflicts with space: Implicit eye contact and the reversed congruency effect.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Article
- Investigating the gaze-driven reversed congruency effect in the spatial Stroop task: A distributional approach.British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953) · 2025Article
- Ethnicity does not matter: Comparable reversed congruency effects for gaze stimuli from same- and other-ethnicity faces.Psychological research · 2025Article
- Exploring the spatial interference effects elicited by social and non-social targets: A conditional accuracy function approach.British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953) · 2025Article
- Temporal dynamics of activation and suppression in a spatial Stroop task: A distribution analysis on gaze and arrow targets.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2025Article
- The reverse congruency effect elicited by eye-gaze as a function of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Individual differences in gaze-cuing effect are associated with facial emotion recognition and social conformity.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- The Neurobiological Correlates of Gaze Perception in Healthy Individuals and Neurologic Patients.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Arrows and gaze stimuli lead to opposite spatial congruency effects. While standard congruency effects are observed for arrows (faster responses for congruent conditions), responses are faster when eye-gaze stimuli are presented on the opposite side of the gazed-at location (incongruent trials), leading to a reversed congruency effect (RCE). Here, we explored the effects of implicit vs. explicit processing of arrows and eye-gaze direction. Participants were required to identify the direction (explicit task) or the colour (implicit task) of left or right looking/pointing gaze or arrows, presented to either the left or right of the fixation point. When participants responded to the direction of stimuli, standard congruency effects for arrows and RCE for eye-gaze stimuli were observed. However, when participants responded to the colour of stimuli, no congruency effects were observed. These results suggest that it is necessary to explicitly pay attention to the direction of eye-gaze and arrows for the congruency effect to occur. The same pattern of data was observed when participants responded either manually or verbally, demonstrating that manual motor components are not responsible for the results observed. These findings are not consistent with some hypotheses previously proposed to explain the RCE observed with eye-gaze stimuli and, therefore, call for an alternative plausible hypothesis.
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