ArticleVaccine2022
Estimating the cost of COVID-19 vaccine deployment and introduction in Ghana using the CVIC tool.
Article in Vaccine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Barriers to the application of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) results: the case of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in Ghana.International journal of technology assessment in health care · 2026Article
- Article
- Estimating the Global, Regional, and National Economic Costs of COVID-19 Vaccination During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Standards for the conduct and reporting of health technology assessments: Ghana reference case of HTA and economic evaluations.International journal of technology assessment in health care · 2025Article
- Gaps and opportunities for data systems and economics to support priority setting for climate-sensitive infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: A rapid scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Modelling the impact of vaccination on COVID-19 in African countries.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Costs of the COVID-19 vaccination programme: estimates from the West Rand district of South Africa, 2021/2022.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 vaccination programme's timing and speed on health benefits, cost-effectiveness, and relative affordability in 27 African countries.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Financing COVID-19 vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from a nation-wide willingness to pay (WTP) survey in Ghana.BMC public health · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThis study estimated cost of COVID-19 vaccine introduction and deployment in Ghana.
methodsUsing the WHO-UNICEF COVID-19 Vaccine Introduction and deployment Costing (CVIC) tool Ghana's Ministry of Health Technical Working Group for Health Technology Assessment (TWG-HTA) in collaboration with School of Public Health, University of Ghana, organized an initial two-day workshop that brought together partners to deliberate and agree on input parameters to populate the CVIC tool. A further 2-3 days validation with the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) and other partners to finalize the analysis was done. Three scenarios, with different combinations of vaccine products and delivery modalities, as well as time period were analyzed. The scenarios included AstraZeneca (40%), Johnson & Johnson (J&J) (30%), Moderna, Pfizer, and Sputnik V at 10% each; with primary schedule completed by second half of 2021 (Scenario 1); AstraZeneca (30%), J&J (40%), Moderna, Pfizer, and Sputnik V at 10% each with primary schedule completed by first half of 2022 (Scenario 2); and equal distribution (20%) among AstraZeneca, J&J, Moderna, Pfizer, and Sputnik V with primary schedule completed by second half of 2022 (Scenario 3).
resultsThe estimated total cost of COVID-19 vaccination ranges between $348.7 and $436.1 million for the target population of 17.5 million. These translate into per person completed primary schedule cost of $20.9-$26.2 and per dose (including vaccine cost) of $10.5-$13.1. Again, per person completed primary schedule excluding vaccine cost was $4.5 and $4.6, thus per dose excluding vaccine also ranged from $2.2 - $2.3. The main cost driver was vaccine doses, including shipping, which accounts for between 78% and 83% of total cost. Further, an estimated 8,437-10,247 vaccinators (non-FTEs) would be required during 2021-2022 to vaccinate using a mix of delivery strategies, accounting for 8-10% of total cost.
conclusionThese findings provide the estimates to inform resource mobilization efforts by government and other partners.
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