ArticleOphthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)2022
The effect of peripheral defocus on axial growth and modulation of refractive error in hyperopes.
Article in Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Short-Term Effects of Optically Induced and Digitally Simulated Myopic Blur on Retinal Perfusion: Insights From Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Longitudinal development of ocular biometric components and refractive error in hyperopic children with infantile versus late-onset accommodative esotropia.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- One-year changes in axial length and refraction in children using low-level red light and distant-image screen for myopia control: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Comparison of Eye Axial Length Measurements Taken Using Partial Coherence Interferometry and OCT Biometry.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Postoperative myopic shift and visual acuity rehabilitation in patients with bilateral congenital cataracts.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Comparison of optical myopia control interventions: effect on peripheral image quality and vision.Biomedical optics express · 2023Article
- The effect of peripheral defocus on axial growth and modulation of refractive error in hyperopes.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo establish whether axial growth and refractive error can be modulated in hyperopic children by imposing relative peripheral hyperopic defocus using multifocal soft contact lenses.
methodsA prospective controlled study with hyperopic participants allocated to a control or test group. Control group participants were corrected with single vision spectacles and changes to axial length and refractive error were followed for 3 years. For the test group, axial growth and post-cycloplegic refractive error were observed with participants wearing single vision spectacles for the first 6 months of the trial and then corrected with centre-near multifocal soft contact lenses with a 2.00 D add for 2 years. The central 'near' portion of the contact lens corrected distance refractive error while the 'distance' portion imposed hyperopic defocus. Participants reverted to single vision spectacles for the final 6 months of the study.
resultsTwenty-two participants, mean age 11.13 years (SD 1.72) (range 8.33-13.92), completed the trial. Axial length did not change during the first 6 months in either group (p = 1.00). Axial growth across the 2-year intervention period was 0.17 mm (SEM 0.04) (p < 0.0005) in the test group versus 0.06 mm (SEM 0.07) (p = 0.68) in the control group. Axial length was invariant during the final 6 months in either group (p = 1.00). Refractive error was stable during the first 6 months in both groups (p = 1.00). Refractive error change across the 2-year intervention period was -0.26 D (SEM 0.14) (p = 0.38) in the test group versus -0.01 D (SEM 0.09) (p = 1.00) in the control group. Neither the test (p = 1.00) nor control (p = 0.63) group demonstrated a change in refractive error during the final 6 months.
conclusionsThe rate of axial growth can be accelerated in children with hyperopia using centre-near multifocal soft contact lenses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.