ReviewTherapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease2022
Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus: overview of current knowledge.
Review in Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 178 citations in OpenAlex.
- The 2026 British Society for Rheumatology guideline for the management of children, young people and adults with systemic lupus erythematosus.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Guideline
- Risk factors for acute kidney injury in Chinese patients with lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis.BMC nephrology · 2026Pooled it
- Hydroxychloroquine and pregnancy outcomes in patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.RMD open · 2025Pooled it
- Role of hydroxychloroquine in primary glomerular disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current evidence.BMC nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Saudi National Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Adult Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Current rheumatology reviews · 2025Guideline
- II Brazilian Society of Rheumatology consensus for lupus nephritis diagnosis and treatment.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2024Guideline
- Comparison of flares in 85 patients with SLE who maintained, discontinued or reduced dose of hydroxychloroquine during a prospective study of ophthalmological screening for retinopathy (PERFOCTAPS Study).Lupus science & medicine · 2025Trial
- Updates on the Evaluation of Lupus Arthritis.Rheumatology and therapy · 2026Review
- Synergistic Ionic Liquid-Antibiotic Combination as a Strategy against Methicillin-ResistantACS omega · 2026Article
- Nailfold videocapillaroscopy-defined capillaroscopic abnormality burden in systemic lupus erythematosus: a controlled cross-sectional study.Rheumatology international · 2026Article
- Emerging evidence of neutrophil extracellular traps in essential hypertension and target organ damage: pathophysiological insights and therapeutic implications.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Review
- Hydroxychloroquine Exposure Intensity During Early Pregnancy and Composite Fetal Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Rare Pediatric Male Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Following Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Emerging perspectives in proteostasis: bridging mechanisms and therapeutics for human diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- From pathogenesis to precision medicine in systemic lupus erythematosus: Emerging biomarkers and targeted interventions.iScience · 2026Review
- Analysis of the impact of pharmacological treatment on arterial stiffness in patients with connective tissue diseases.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2026Review
- Targeting JAK/STAT signalling with cold atmospheric plasma: a potential therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Inverse association between hydroxychloroquine use and depressive symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus: a single-center cross-sectional study.BMC rheumatology · 2026Article
- Can Phagocytosis, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, and IFN-α Production in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Be Simultaneously Modulated? A Pharmacological Perspective.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Immune microenvironment dynamics in pregnant patients with concomitant autoimmune diseases: mechanisms, challenges, and clinical significance.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The antimalarial hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has demonstrated several crucial properties for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Herein, we reviewed the main HCQ pharmacologic features, detailed its mechanism of action, and summarized the existing guidelines and recommendations for HCQ use in rheumatology with a systematic literature search for the randomized controlled trials focused on lupus. HCQ has been shown to decrease SLE activity, especially in mild and moderate disease, to prevent disease flare and to lower the long-term glucocorticoid need. The numerous benefits of HCQ are extended to pregnancy and breastfeeding period. Based on cohort studies, antithrombotic and metabolic HCQ's effects were shown, including lipid-lowering properties, which might contribute to an improved cardiovascular risk. Moreover, early HCQ use in antinuclear antibodies positive individuals might delay the progression to SLE. Finally, HCQ has a significant favorable impact on long-term outcomes such as damage accrual and mortality in SLE. Based on these multiple benefits, HCQ is now the mainstay long-term treatment in SLE, recommended by current guidelines in all patients unless contraindications or side effects. The daily dose associated with the best compromise between efficacy and safety is matter of debate. The concern regarding retinal toxicity rather than proper efficacy data is the one that dictated the daily dosage of ⩽5 mg/kg/day actual body weight currently agreed upon.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.