ReviewFrontiers in neurology2022
Sex-Specific Environmental Impacts on Initiation and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Disparities in imaging and management of multiple sclerosis: a review.The British journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Metabolite-Immune Circuits of Neuroinflammation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Global and Regional Trends in Multiple Sclerosis Incidence with Projections to 2030: A Joinpoint Regression Analysis of the GBD Data 2021 by Socio-Demographic Index and WHO Regions.Annals of global health · 2026Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Lifestyle Factors Affecting Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility and Disease Progression.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Advancements in multiple sclerosis.Internal medicine journal · 2025Review
- Associations of PFAS and OH-PCBs with risk of multiple sclerosis onset and disability worsening.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Single-Cell Analysis of Sex and Gender Differences in the Human Brain During Development and Disease.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Applying a genetic risk score model to enhance prediction of future multiple sclerosis diagnosis at first presentation with optic neuritis.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The Influence ofJournal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Plant-based production of an orally active cyclotide for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.Transgenic research · 2023Article
- Editorial: The relationship between puberty and immune-driven disease.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Epstein-Barr virus infection, B-cell dysfunction and other risk factors converge in gut-associated lymphoid tissue to drive the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis.Clinical & translational immunology · 2022Article
- Potential immunological effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender people - an unexplored area of research.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The immunological mechanisms that contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) differ between males and females. Females are 2-3 times more likely to develop MS compared to males, however the reason for this discrepancy is unknown. Once MS is established, there is a more inflammatory yet milder form of disease in females whereas males generally suffer from more severe disease and faster progression, neural degradation, and disability. Some of these differences relate to genetics, including genetic control of immune regulatory genes on the X-chromosome, as well as immune modulatory properties of sex hormones. Differences in MS development may also relate to how sex interacts with environmental risk factors. There are several environmental risk factors for MS including late-onset Epstein Barr virus infection, low serum vitamin D levels, low UV radiation exposure, smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Most of these risk factors impact males and females differently, either due to biological or immunological processes or through behavioral differences. In this review, we explore these differences further and focus on how the interaction of environmental risk factors with sex hormones may contribute to significantly different prevalence and pathology of MS in males and females.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.