ArticleVaccine2022
Unmet need for COVID-19 vaccination coverage in Kenya.
Article in Vaccine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Enablers and barriers to vaccine uptake and handwashing practices to prevent and control COVID-19 in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Levels of handwashing and vaccine uptake in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania to prevent and control COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Geospatial analysis of COVID-19 vaccine access in Kenya: the interplay of travel time, perceived availability, and vaccine uptake.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Scoping review of COVID-19 vaccines access, equity, hesitancy, and uptake in Kenya: lessons for the next pandemic.Frontiers in health services · 2026Review
- "Now that the baby is out, I can be vaccinated": a qualitative study on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in pregnant women in Kilifi, Kenya.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Qualitative exploration of factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant women in Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Genomic and clinical epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in coastal Kenya: insights into variant circulation, reinfection, and multiple lineage importations during a post-pandemic wave.BMC global and public health · 2025Article
- Placental transfer of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in mother-neonate pairs: a prospective nested cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Assessing the impact of building footprint dataset choice for health programme planning: a case study of indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Zambia.International journal of health geographics · 2025Article
- Active vaccine safety surveillance: Experience from a prospective cohort event monitoring study of COVID-19 vaccines in Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Prospective clinical surveillance for severe acute respiratory illness and COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in Kenyan hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Modelling the impact of vaccination on COVID-19 in African countries.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination Site Accessibility, United States, December 11, 2020-March 29, 2022.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- An evaluation of physical access barriers to COVID-19 vaccines uptake among persons with physical disabilities in western Kenya.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Lessons learned from COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among pregnant and lactating women from two districts in Kenya to inform demand generation efforts for future maternal RSV vaccines.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Kenyans' Perceptions of the Risks of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Scoping Review.Pan-African journal of health and environmental science · 2024Article
- COVID-19 vaccine preferences for pregnant and lactating women in Bangladesh and Kenya: a qualitative study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Sustaining Functionality of Not-for-Profit Health Organisations During Pandemics: Lessons and COVID 19 Experience from Makerere University Walter Reed Project.The East African health research journal · 2024Article
- Vaccination against COVID-19 and socioeconomic inequalities: A cross-sectional study in Ecuador.Vaccine: X · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
COVID-19 has impacted the health and livelihoods of billions of people since it emerged in 2019. Vaccination for COVID-19 is a critical intervention that is being rolled out globally to end the pandemic. Understanding the spatial inequalities in vaccination coverage and access to vaccination centres is important for planning this intervention nationally. Here, COVID-19 vaccination data, representing the number of people given at least one dose of vaccine, a list of the approved vaccination sites, population data and ancillary GIS data were used to assess vaccination coverage, using Kenya as an example. Firstly, physical access was modelled using travel time to estimate the proportion of population within 1 hour of a vaccination site. Secondly, a Bayesian conditional autoregressive (CAR) model was used to estimate the COVID-19 vaccination coverage and the same framework used to forecast coverage rates for the first quarter of 2022. Nationally, the average travel time to a designated COVID-19 vaccination site (n = 622) was 75.5 min (Range: 62.9 - 94.5 min) and over 87% of the population >18 years reside within 1 hour to a vaccination site. The COVID-19 vaccination coverage in December 2021 was 16.70% (95% CI: 16.66 - 16.74) - 4.4 million people and was forecasted to be 30.75% (95% CI: 25.04 - 36.96) - 8.1 million people by the end of March 2022. Approximately 21 million adults were still unvaccinated in December 2021 and, in the absence of accelerated vaccine uptake, over 17.2 million adults may not be vaccinated by end March 2022 nationally. Our results highlight geographic inequalities at sub-national level and are important in targeting and improving vaccination coverage in hard-to-reach populations. Similar mapping efforts could help other countries identify and increase vaccination coverage for such populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.