ArticleBMC medicine2022
Association between adverse childhood experiences and premenstrual disorders: a cross-sectional analysis of 11,973 women.
Article in BMC medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05849337 (The Lóa Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Lóa Study: A Randomised Control Trial of a Brief Digital Intervention to Support Women Experiencing Intrusive Memories of Traumatic Events During Their Lifespan From the SAGA Cohort
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence of traumatic exposure in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): a systematic review.Archives of women's mental health · 2025Pooled it
- New Pharmacological Approaches to the Management of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.CNS drugs · 2023Trial
- Associations Between Different Subtypes of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Reproductive Mood Disorders-a Scoping Review.Current psychiatry reports · 2026Article
- Structural equation modeling of the effect of childhood trauma on premenstrual syndrome: the mediating role of rumination in adolescent girls.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Wearable-measured heart rate variability and premenstrual disorder symptoms across menstrual cycle.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Article
- Early-life exposures and risk of multiple gynecological diseases: evidence from a large community-based study of 272,706 women.BMC women's health · 2026Observational
- Article
- Association between premenstrual syndrome and postnatal depression in women with recurrent major depressive disorder.Psychiatry research · 2026Article
- Genetic predisposition for depression, psychosocial and behavioural factors and premenstrual symptoms: a cross-sectional study among young women in China.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Premenstrual syndrome and traumatic childbirth perception: the role of childhood abuse, neglect history and taking reproductive health course: a cross-sectional study in Turkey.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Premenstrual syndrome and its association with exposure to political violence, human insecurity, and well-being: a cross-sectional study among Palestinian adolescent refugees.Reproductive health · 2025Article
- Premenstrual Disorders and Quality of Life in Sweden.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Associations of adolescent menstrual symptoms with school absences and educational attainment: analysis of a prospective cohort study.NPJ science of learning · 2025Article
- Premenstrual disorders and risk of cardiovascular diseases.Nature cardiovascular research · 2025Article
- A communicative model of premenstrual syndrome with social determinants of health: a path analysis.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Adverse childhood experiences, mental distress, and autoimmune disease in adult women: findings from two large cohort studies.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of childhood trauma history on premenstrual syndrome in women of reproductive age: A cross-sectional study.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2025Article
- Specific effects of distinct types of adverse childhood experiences on the co-occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents: a latent class analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Association of preconception premenstrual disorders with perinatal depression: an analysis of the perinatal clinical database of a single Japanese institution.BioPsychoSocial medicine · 2024Article
- Mental Health Across the Menstrual Cycle in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Insights and Implications.Current psychiatry reports · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChildhood abuse and neglect have been associated with premenstrual disorders (PMDs), including premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). However, the associations of other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the cumulative number of ACEs with PMDs remain to be explored.
methodsTo evaluate the associations of the cumulative number and types of ACEs with PMDs, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis with a subsample of menstruating women within the Stress-And-Gene-Analysis (SAGA) cohort, assessed for PMDs and ACEs (N=11,973). The cumulative and individual exposure of 13 types of ACEs was evaluated by a modified ACE-International Questionnaire. A modified version of the Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool was used to identify probable cases of PMDs, further sub-grouped into PMS and PMDD. Prevalence ratios (PRs) of PMDs in relation to varying ACEs were estimated using Poisson regression.
resultsAt a mean age of 34.0 years (standard deviation (SD) 9.1), 3235 (27%) met the criteria of probable PMDs, including 2501 (21%) for PMS and 734 (6%) for PMDD. The number of ACEs was linearly associated with PMDs (fully-adjusted PR 1.12 per ACE, 95% CI 1.11-1.13). Specifically, the PR for PMDs was 2.46 (95% CI 2.21-2.74) for women with 4 or more ACEs compared with women with no ACEs. A stronger association was observed for probable PMDD compared to PMS (p for difference <0.001). The associations between ACEs and PMDs were stronger among women without PTSD, anxiety, or depression, and without childhood deprivation and were stronger among women a lower level of social support (p for interaction<0.001). All types of ACEs were positively associated with PMDs (PRs ranged from 1.11 to 1.51); the associations of sexual abuse, emotional neglect, family violence, mental illness of a household member, and peer and collective violence were independent of other ACEs.
conclusionsOur findings suggest that childhood adverse experiences are associated with PMDs in a dose-dependent manner. If confirmed by prospective data, our findings support the importance of early intervention for girls exposed to ACEs to minimize risks of PMDs and other morbidities in adulthood.
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