Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35176342›Full record

ArticleJournal of affective disorders2022

Barriers to treatment for mental disorders in six countries of the Americas: A regional report from the World Mental Health Surveys.

Ricardo Orozco, Daniel Vigo, Corina Benjet, Guilherme Borges, Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, Laura H Andrade, Alfredo Cia, Irving Hwang, Ronald C Kessler, Marina Piazza and 7 more

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of affective disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
6.5field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.

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  17. Learning health systems for community-based mental health.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors at 10 institutions in 8 countries.

Ricardo OrozcoInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: ric_oz@imp.edu.mx.
Daniel VigoDepartment of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
Corina BenjetInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.
Guilherme BorgesInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.
Sergio Aguilar-GaxiolaCenter for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, United States of America.
Laura H AndradeNúcleo de Epidemiologia Psiquiátrica - LIM 23, Instituto de Psiquiatria Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Alfredo CiaAnxiety Disorders Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Irving HwangDepartment of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
Ronald C KesslerDepartment of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
Marina PiazzaDepartamento Académico de Salud Pública, Administración y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
José Posada-VillaColegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia.
Claudia RaffulFaculty of Psychology, UNAM, Center for Global Mental Health Research, National Institute of Psychiatry.
Nancy SampsonDepartment of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
Juan Carlos StagnaroDepartamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Yolanda TorresCenter for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES University, Medellin, Colombia.
María Carmen VianaDepartment of Social Medicine and Post-Graduate Program in Public Health, Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Center (CEPEP), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Brazil.
María-Elena Medina-MoraInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.
Harvard University · USInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz · MXHospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo · BRNational Institute of Mental Health · JPUC Davis Health · USUniversidad CES · COUniversidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca · COUniversidad de Buenos Aires · ARUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo · BRUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia · PE

Funding

Risk Factors for Psychopathology in the WHO WMH SurveysR01MH070884 · NIMH · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) · PI KESSLER, RONALD C · 2005 to 2009
$6.0M
Social Role Disability and Mental-Physical Co-MorbidityR01MH069864 · NIMH · KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH PLAN OF WASHINGTON · PI VON KORFF, MICHAEL R · 2004 to 2007
$2.2M
CROSS-NATIONAL STUDIES OF DRUG INVOLVEMENT: WMH2000R01DA016558 · NIDA · MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY · PI ANTHONY, JAMES CHRISTOPHER · 2003 to 2008
$1.7M
World Mental Health Consortium Annual Meeting 2003-07R13MH066849 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI HEERINGA, STEVEN G · 2003 to 2007
$735k
Lebanon-Epidemiology: The NCS Replication StudyR03TW006481 · FIC · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) · PI KESSLER, RONALD C · 2004 to 2006
$142k
FIC NIH HHS R03 TW006481NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA016558NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH069864NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH070884NIMH NIH HHS R13 MH066849
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMental health treatment is scarce and little resources are invested in reducing the wide treatment gap that exists in the Americas. The regional barriers are unknown. We describe the barriers for not seeking treatment among those with mental and substance use disorders from six (four low- and middle-income and two high-income) countries from the Americas. Regional socio-demographic and clinical correlates are assessed.

methodsRespondents (n = 4648) from seven World Mental Health surveys carried out in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and the United States, who met diagnostic criteria for a 12-month mental disorder, measured with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and who did not access treatment, were asked about treatment need and, among those with need, structural and attitudinal barriers. Country-specific deviations from regional estimates were evaluated through logistic models.

resultsIn the Americas, 43% of those that did not access treatment did not perceive treatment need, while the rest reported structural and attitudinal barriers. Overall, 27% reported structural barriers, and 95% attitudinal barriers. The most frequent attitudinal barrier was to want to handle it on their own (69.4%). Being female and having higher severity of disorders were significant correlates of greater perceived structural and lower attitudinal barriers, with few country-specific variations. LIMITATIONS: Only six countries in the Americas are represented; the cross-sectional nature of the survey precludes any causal interpretation.

conclusionsAwareness of disorder or treatment need in various forms is one of the main barriers reported in the Americas and it specially affects persons with severe disorders.

Indexed as

Mental DisordersMental Health ServicesBrazilCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHealth Services AccessibilityHealth SurveysHumansMaleSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited StatesHealth services accessibilityLatin americaMental disordersTreatment Refusal

Identifiers

PMID35176342
PMCPMC11345908
OpenAlexW4213120118

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.