Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35174449›Full record

ArticleNeurology and therapy2022

Effects of Training with a Brain-Computer Interface-Controlled Robot on Rehabilitation Outcome in Patients with Subacute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Chen-Guang Zhao, Fen Ju, Wei Sun, Shan Jiang, Xiao Xi, Hong Wang, Xiao-Long Sun, Min Li, Jun Xie, Kai Zhang and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neurology and therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  12. Review of Recent Advances in Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces for the Restoration of Motor Function in Patients With Paralysis.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026
    Review
  13. Review
  14. Brain-computer interface: an update for the clinicians.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026
    Review
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  16. Review
  17. Rehabilitation of Cardiovascular Diseases in China.Journal of geriatric cardiology : JGC · 2024
    Article
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  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Chen-Guang Zhao *Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Fen Ju *Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Wei SunDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Shan JiangDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
Xiao XiDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Hong WangDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Xiao-Long SunDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Min LiSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Jun XieSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Kai ZhangSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Guang-Hua XuSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Si-Cong ZhangSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Xiang MouDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Hua YuanDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China. yuanhua_fmmu@hotmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-4873

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 81100932National Natural Science Foundation of China 82072534National Natural Science Foundation of China 91420301Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department 2018ZDCXL-GY-06-01Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department 2020KW-050Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department 2021JM-232
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionStroke is always associated with a difficult functional recovery process. A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a technology which provides a direct connection between the human brain and external devices. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether training with a BCI-controlled robot can improve functions in patients with subacute stroke.

methodsSubacute stroke patients aged 32-68 years with a course of 2 weeks to 3 months were randomly assigned to the BCI group or to the sham group for a 4-week course. The primary outcome measures were Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOCTA) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Lower Extremity (FMA-LE). Secondary outcome measures included Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Balance (FMA-B), Functional Ambulation Category (FAC), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and motor-evoked potential (MEP).

resultsA total of 28 patients completed the study. Both groups showed a significant increase in mean LOCTA (sham: P < 0.001, Cohen's d =  - 2.972; BCI: P < 0.001, Cohen's d =  - 4.266) and FMA-LE (sham: P < 0.001, Cohen's d =  - 3.178; BCI: P < 0.001, Cohen's d =  - 3.063) scores. The LOCTA scores in the BCI group were 14.89% higher than in the sham group (P = 0.049, Cohen's d =  - 0.580). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of FMA-B (P = 0.363, Cohen's d =  - 0.252), FAC (P = 0.363), or MBI (P = 0.493, Cohen's d =  - 0.188) scores. The serum levels of BDNF were significantly higher within the BCI group (P < 0.001, Cohen's d =  - 1.167), and the MEP latency decreased by 3.75% and 4.71% in the sham and BCI groups, respectively.

conclusionTraining with a BCI-controlled robot combined with traditional physiotherapy promotes cognitive function recovery, and enhances motor functions of the lower extremity in patients with subacute stroke. These patients also showed increased secretion of BDNF.

trial registrationChinese clinical trial registry: ChiCTR-INR-17012874.

Indexed as

Brain–computer interfaceRandomized controlled trialRehabilitationRobot trainingStroke

Identifiers

PMID35174449
PMCPMC9095806

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.