ReviewInternational endodontic journal2022
A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study irrigants and irrigation systems.
Review in International endodontic journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protocols to evaluate the antibacterial and irrigation efficacy of new root canal irrigants: A systematic review of ex vivo studies.The Japanese dental science review · 2026Review
- Development of an experimental pulp capping material containing antibacterial and remineralizing peptide: an in vitro study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- A preliminary antimicrobial investigation of lactobacillus bulgaricus probiotic supernatants as an intracanal medication against mature E. faecalis biofilm in an ex-vivo dentin blocks model.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Comparative evaluation of irrigant activation devices for removal of calcium hydroxide from artificial isthmuses connecting curved canals in 3D-printed resin molar models.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- CLSM-guided imaging provides new insights into position-dependent limitations of endodontic disinfection.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Histological evaluation of energy-intensive irrigation systems for debridement of uninstrumented oval root canals with different access cavity designs.Lasers in medical science · 2026Article
- Spathodea campanulata extract as an endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro and ex vivo study.Head & face medicine · 2026Article
- Microbiological evaluation of different agitation methods of irrigation during endodontic procedure - A randomized clinical trial.Journal of conservative dentistry and endodontics · 2026Article
- Enhanced Efficacy of Laser-Activated Irrigation (Er,Cr:YSGG) in Eradicating Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm in 3D-Printed Molar Replicas: A Pilot Study.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2026Article
- Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic, etidronic, and peracetic acids with different concentrations on the removal of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms from root canal walls: an in vitro study.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Etidronic Acid for Smear Layer Removal: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Impact of Apical Shaping Diameter on Bacterial Load Reduction in Multispecies Infected Root Canals.International journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Synergistic growth, metabolic products, and matrix quantification in dual-species biofilms of oral pathogens.Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB · 2026Article
- Er:YAG Laser-Assisted Root Canal Decontamination in Post-treatement Endodontic Apical Periodontitis: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
- Advances in oral disease models: a mini-review of developments from 2015 to 2025.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Review
- Letter to the Editor about the article "Estimation of MBC: MIC Ratio of Herbal Extracts against Common Endodontic Pathogens".Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of the iVac System Compared to Conventional Irrigation and Ultrasonic Activation in Reducing Microbial Biofilm, Lipopolysaccharides and Apical Extrusion.Australian endodontic journal : the journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc · 2025Article
- Impact of sodium hypochlorite on the dissolution of soft tissue with photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) activation.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Article
- Validation of laboratory models used to simulate heat exchange between the root canal and periodontium by comparison to clinical data.Clinical oral investigations · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Irrigation plays an essential role in root canal treatment. The purpose of this narrative review was to critically appraise the experimental methods and models used to study irrigants and irrigation systems and to provide directions for future research. Studies on the antimicrobial effect of irrigants should use mature multispecies biofilms grown on dentine or inside root canals and should combine at least two complementary evaluation methods. Dissolution of pulp tissue remnants should be examined in the presence of dentine and, preferably, inside human root canals. Micro-computed tomography is currently the method of choice for the assessment of accumulated dentine debris and their removal. A combination of experiments in transparent root canals and numerical modeling is needed to address irrigant penetration. Finally, models to evaluate irrigant extrusion through the apical foramen should simulate the periapical tissues and provide quantitative data on the amount of extruded irrigant. Mimicking the in vivo conditions as close as possible and standardization of the specimens and experimental protocols are universal requirements irrespective of the surrogate endpoint studied. Obsolete and unrealistic models must be abandoned in favour of more appropriate and valid ones that have more direct application and translation to clinical Endodontics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.