ReviewInquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing
Estimating the Cost of Industry Investment in Drug Research and Development: A Review of Methods and Results.
Review in Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Valuation of Medical Innovation in Orphan Diseases with a Focus on Small Investors and Limited Diversifiable Risks.Journal of market access & health policy · 2026Article
- Repurposing azole antifungals as rapid bactericidal, membrane-disruptive therapeutics againstMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- A dataset of 1.2 million molecules with DFT-level quantum chemical annotations for molecular representation learning.Communications chemistry · 2026Article
- Need for NAMs: A systematic evidence synthesis revealing over half a century of drug development failure.NAM journal · 2026Article
- From Clinical Trials to Commercialization: Perspectives in Human Vaccine.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- The Human Omnibus of Targetable Pockets.Journal of cheminformatics · 2025Article
- A Framework for Considering the Role of the Public Sector in R&D of Health Technology.Pharmaceutical medicine · 2025Review
- An Interventional Radiology Method for In Situ Assessments of Cancer Drug Response: Preclinical Development, Feasibility, and Safety.Radiology. Imaging cancer · 2025Article
- Use of Clinical Trial Characteristics to Estimate Costs of New Drug Development.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Organ-on-a-Chip Models-New Possibilities in Experimental Science and Disease Modeling.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Kinetics-Based State Definitions for Discrete Binding Conformations of T4 L99A in MD via Markov State Modeling.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2024Article
- Databases of ligand-binding pockets and protein-ligand interactions.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Review
- Artificial intelligence in antidiabetic drug discovery: The advances in QSAR and the prediction of α-glucosidase inhibitors.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Review
- Article
- Collaboration for new therapies: maximizing health and innovation.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Synergistic effect of new pyrimidine derivative with oxacilin against methicillin-resistantFuture medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- Antifungal therapy ofBiofilm · 2023Article
- Spending on Phased Clinical Development of Approved Drugs by the US National Institutes of Health Compared With Industry.JAMA health forum · 2023Article
- An Industry Survey on Unmet Needs in South Korea's New Drug Listing System.Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science · 2023Article
- Comparison of Research Spending on New Drug Approvals by the National Institutes of Health vs the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2010-2019.JAMA health forum · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Research and development (R&D) costs factor into considerations of the tradeoffs between prices, intellectual property protection, and incentivizing innovation, all of which can have implications for policy development. Yet, there is little consensus on the actual cost of R&D for new drugs. We review and synthesize papers estimating drug R&D costs incurred by industry. We find a substantial range of per-drug costs, from $113 million to just over $6 billion in 2018 dollars. This range includes estimates covering all new drugs, new molecular entities, and drugs in specific therapeutic classes. The range is narrower-$318 million to $2.8 billion-for estimates of the per-drug cost for new molecular entities. We discuss the data sources, methods, and assumptions used in each study to provide context for the wide range in existing estimates. Differences in definitions, methods, and assumptions lead to large divergences in the main estimates, and the combination of fragmented data sources and different assumptions across studies means that the resulting estimates that can rarely be directly compared. We suggest areas for future research and data collection that would result in more comparable and robust estimates to inform ongoing policy discussion.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.