Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35169260›Full record

ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2022

The role of chromatin loop extrusion in antibody diversification.

Yu Zhang, Xuefei Zhang, Hai-Qiang Dai, Hongli Hu, Frederick W Alt

Open access · greenAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
66citing papers in PubMed
8.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

66 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
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  7. WAVE2 and REST/NRSF Regulate Clustered Gene Expression by Maintaining Heterochromatin Organization.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026
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  18. Explore antibody repertoire in the era of AI.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2025
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Yu ZhangCenter for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M. D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA. yu.zhang@med.wmich.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1126-770X
Xuefei ZhangHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-6679
Hai-Qiang DaiHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4337-9770
Hongli HuHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1932-5027
Frederick W AltHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. alt@enders.tch.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0583-1271
Boston Children's Hospital · USHoward Hughes Medical Institute · USWestern Michigan University · US

Funding

Mechanisms that Control IgH Variable Region Exon AssemblyR01AI020047 · NIAID · IMMUNE DISEASE INSTITUTE, INC. · PI ALT, FREDERICK W. · 1985 to 2025
$14.1M
Mechanisms that Regulate Antibody Class Switch Recombination and Somatic HypermutationR37AI077595 · NIAID · BOSTON CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL · PI Frederick W. Alt · 2019 to 2026
$4.6M
Molecular Mechanisms of Class Switch RecombinationR01AI077595 · NIAID · BOSTON CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL · PI ALT, FREDERICK W. · 2009 to 2018
$4.3M
Chromatin looping directed RAG targeting during V(D)J recombinationR01AI155775 · NIAID · WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIV SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI ZHANG, YU · 2021 to 2025
$1.9M
Howard Hughes Medical InstituteNIAID NIH HHS R01 AI020047NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI077595NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI155775NIAID NIH HHS R37 AI077595
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cohesin mediates chromatin loop formation across the genome by extruding chromatin between convergently oriented CTCF-binding elements. Recent studies indicate that cohesin-mediated loop extrusion in developing B cells presents immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments to RAG endonuclease through a process referred to as RAG chromatin scanning. RAG initiates V(D)J recombinational joining of these gene segments to generate the large number of different Igh variable region exons that are required for immune responses to diverse pathogens. Antigen-activated mature B cells also use chromatin loop extrusion to mediate the synapsis, breakage and end joining of switch regions flanking Igh constant region exons during class-switch recombination, which allows for the expression of different antibody constant region isotypes that optimize the functions of antigen-specific antibodies to eliminate pathogens. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of chromatin loop extrusion during V(D)J recombination and class-switch recombination at the Igh locus.

Indexed as

Immunoglobulin Variable RegionV(D)J RecombinationB-LymphocytesChromatinHumansImmunoglobulin Heavy ChainsChromatinImmunoglobulin Heavy ChainsImmunoglobulin Variable Region

Identifiers

PMID35169260
PMCPMC9376198
OpenAlexW4213089576

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.