ArticleAnnals of medicine2022
COVID-19-related end stage lung disease: two distinct phenotypes.
Article in Annals of medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Findings in Postmortem Lungs from Mexican Patients with Severe COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Initial and peak serum levels of Krebs von den Lungen-6 for predicting the prognosis of patients with COVID-19.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2025Article
- The effect and safety of small-molecule antiviral drugs on long prognosis of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis: a real-world study in China.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- INPATIENT REHABILITATION FOR A PATIENT WITH COVID-19 EXACERBATION OF PULMONARY FIBROSIS: A CASE REPORT.Journal of rehabilitation medicine. Clinical communications · 2025Article
- A versatile role for lung ultrasound in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases related pulmonary involvement: a narrative review.Arthritis research & therapy · 2024Review
- Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.Advances in surgery · 2024Review
- An Autopsy Case of Post-COVID-19 Interstitial Lung Disease with Acute Exacerbation.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2023Article
- Clinical standards for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of post-COVID-19 lung disease.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2023Article
- New Aspects of Lung Transplantation: A Narrative Overview Covering Important Aspects of Perioperative Management.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Molecular Pathogenesis of Fibrosis, Thrombosis and Surfactant Dysfunction in the Lungs of Severe COVID-19 Patients.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Usefulness of KL-6 for Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Nebulized Non-Immunogenic Staphylokinase in the Mice Acute Lung Injury Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
In COVID-19 related end stage lung disease, there are two distinct phenotypes. The first phenotype is the COVID-19 related acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) showing a classical histopathological pattern of fibrotic diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). The second phenotype is the post-COVID pulmonary fibrosis (PCPF), in which the diagnosis is based on the combined clinical, radiological and (if available) pathological information. Both phenotypes have different clinical features, risk factors, biomarkers and pathophysiology. The exact prognosis in these two phenotypes as well as optimal treatment needs further studies.Key messagesTwo different phenotypes exist for COVID-19 related pulmonary fibrosis. The CARDS phenotype has a worse prognosis compared to the PCPF phenotype, which requires longer-term follow-up and evolves without ARDS picture. The best treatment options for the two different phenotypes, such as anti-fibrotic drugs or lung transplantation, still needs to be defined in future studies.
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