Observational studyPloS one2022
Risk factors for postpartum haemorrhage in the Northern Province of Rwanda: A case control study.
Observational study in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hemostatic biomarkers associated with postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Blood advances · 2023Pooled it
- Determinants of primary postpartum hemorrhage among women who gave birth in Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Central Ethiopia: a case-control study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Postpartum hemorrhage incidence and risk factors: Evidence from a multicenter study in Zhejiang Province, China.PloS one · 2025Article
- Predictive Modelling of Postpartum Haemorrhage Using Early Risk Factors: A Comparative Analysis of Statistical and Machine Learning Models.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Predictors of postpartum hemorrhage at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A case-control study.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Prenatal hypertension as the risk of eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and critical obstetric hemorrhage.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- The profile of patients with postpartum hemorrhage admitted to the obstetric intensive care: a cross-sectional study.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2024Article
- Frequency of Maternal Anemia in Patients Presenting With Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes.Cureus · 2024Article
- Determinants of postpartum uterine atony in urban South Ethiopia: a community-based unmatched nested case-control study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Utilisation of modern contraceptives by sexually active adolescent girls in Rwanda: a nationwide cross-sectional study.BMC women's health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPostpartum haemorrhage (PPH) remains a major global burden contributing to high maternal mortality and morbidity rates. Assessment of PPH risk factors should be undertaken during antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum periods for timely prevention of maternal morbidity and mortality associated with PPH. The aim of this study is to investigate and model risk factors for primary PPH in Rwanda.
methodsWe conducted an observational case-control study of 430 (108 cases: 322 controls) pregnant women with gestational age of 32 weeks and above who gave birth in five selected health facilities of Rwanda between January and June 2020. By visual estimation of blood loss, cases of Primary PPH were women who changed the blood-soaked vaginal pads 2 times or more within the first hour after birth, or women requiring a blood transfusion for excessive bleeding after birth. Controls were randomly selected from all deliveries without primary PPH from the same source population. Poisson regression, a generalized linear model with a log link and a Poisson distribution was used to estimate the risk ratio of factors associated with PPH.
resultsThe overall prevalence of primary PPH was 25.2%. Our findings for the following risk factors were: antepartum haemorrhage (RR 3.36, 95% CI 1.80-6.26, P<0.001); multiple pregnancy (RR 1.83; 95% CI 1.11-3.01, P = 0.02) and haemoglobin level <11 gr/dL (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.00-2.30, P = 0.05). During the intrapartum and immediate postpartum period, the main causes of primary PPH were: uterine atony (RR 6.70, 95% CI 4.78-9.38, P<0.001), retained tissues (RR 4.32, 95% CI 2.87-6.51, P<0.001); and lacerations of genital organs after birth (RR 2.14, 95% CI 1.49-3.09, P<0.001). Coagulopathy was not prevalent in primary PPH.
conclusionBased on our findings, uterine atony remains the foremost cause of primary PPH. As well as other established risk factors for PPH, antepartum haemorrhage and intra uterine fetal death should be included as risk factors in the development and validation of prediction models for PPH. Large scale studies are needed to investigate further potential PPH risk factors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.