ArticleNeuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology2022
An autopsy case of granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris involving prior amebic dermatitis.
Article in Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: pathogenesis, diagnostic advances, therapeutic challenges, and emerging treatment strategies.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Review
- The first reported case ofFrontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Pulmonary infection due toASM case reports · 2025Article
- The role of plasma metagenomic sequencing in identification of Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- The hidden dancers in water: the symbiotic mystery ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Isolation and habitat analysis of Balamuthia mandrillaris from soil.Parasitology research · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
An 82-year-old man, who was healthy and had worked as a farmer, experienced worsening neurological symptoms over a seven-month period, which eventually caused his death. Multiple fluctuating brain lesions were detected radiographically. Clinically, sarcoidosis was ranked high among the differential diagnoses because of the presence of skin lesions showing granulomatous inflammation, confirmed by biopsy. The patient's cerebrospinal fluid was also examined, but no definitive diagnosis was made while he was alive. An autopsy revealed multiple granulomatous amebic encephalitis lesions in the brain. Genetic and immunohistochemical analyses identified Balamuthia (B.) mandrillaris, a free-living ameba, which resides in soil and fresh water, as the causative organism. A retrospective examination revealed B. mandrillaris in the biopsied skin as well as cerebrospinal fluid, strongly suggesting that the ameba had spread into the brain percutaneously. Few studies have detailed the cutaneous pathology of B. mandrillaris infections. In general, granulomatous amebic encephalitis is extremely difficult to diagnose without autopsy, but the present case provides a clue that could allow similar cases to be diagnosed earlier; that is, the presence of skin lesions.
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