ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 159 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
159 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 270 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rhabdomyolysis Reported in Association with SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of air pollution on COVID-19 severity: a systematic review of underlying biological mechanisms.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Pooled it
- Micronutrients, Vitamin D, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Causal Inference Studies.Nutrition reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Association of COVID-19 infection and the risk of new incident diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Autoimmune diseases in the era of COVID-19: emerging mechanisms, clinical implications, vaccine considerations, and future directions.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- COVID-19 is associated with epigenetic dysregulation in regulatory B cells linked to recurrent pregnancy loss.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Prevalence, Clinical Signs, Diagnosis and Treatment of Post-Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Cats in 2023: Co-Infection with FHV, FCV,Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Findings in Postmortem Lungs from Mexican Patients with Severe COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Host Responses to SARS-CoV-2 with an Emphasis on Cytokines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Molecular signaling in coinfection: howFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Low CD3+ and CD4+ T cell levels predict need for ventilatory support and in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Association between coronavirus disease 2019 and new-onset autoimmune diseases during the early phase of the pandemic.PloS one · 2026Article
- Viral mechanisms, tropism, and clinical relevance regarding the ophthalmic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B during interferon antiviral therapy.Biosafety and health · 2025Article
- Comparative effects of alternate tobacco products and traditional tobacco smoking on various organ/systems: A guide to regulators and health policy makers.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- Unveiling the role of the respiratory microbiome in long COVID pathogenesis and therapeutics.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2025Article
99 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The review aims to consolidate research findings on the molecular mechanisms and virulence and pathogenicity characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their relevance to four typical stages in the development of acute viral infection. These four stages are invasion; primary blockade of antiviral innate immunity; engagement of the virus's protection mechanisms against the factors of adaptive immunity; and acute, long-term complications of COVID-19. The invasion stage entails the recognition of the spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 target cell receptors, namely, the main receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2), its coreceptors, and potential alternative receptors. The presence of a diverse repertoire of receptors allows SARS-CoV-2 to infect various types of cells, including those not expressing ACE2. During the second stage, the majority of the polyfunctional structural, non-structural, and extra proteins SARS-CoV-2 synthesizes in infected cells are involved in the primary blockage of antiviral innate immunity. A high degree of redundancy and systemic action characterizing these pathogenic factors allows SARS-CoV-2 to overcome antiviral mechanisms at the initial stages of invasion. The third stage includes passive and active protection of the virus from factors of adaptive immunity, overcoming of the barrier function at the focus of inflammation, and generalization of SARS-CoV-2 in the body. The fourth stage is associated with the deployment of variants of acute and long-term complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2's ability to induce autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways of tissue invasion and development of both immunosuppressive and hyperergic mechanisms of systemic inflammation is critical at this stage of infection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.