ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Gestational Age, Newborn Metabolic Markers and Academic Achievement.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Obstetric Unit Closure Effects on Child Academic Achievement, Infant Health, and Maternal Care.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Article
- Early-Life Low Lead Levels and Academic Achievement in Childhood and Adolescence.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Impact of maternal anemia during pregnancy on neonatal metabolic profiles: evidence from the Beijing Birth Cohort Study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Observational
- Visual Function and Inner Retinal Structure in Relation to Birth Factors in Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Association Between Gestational Age and Academic Achievement of Children Born at Term.JAMA network open · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
1 author.
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Abstract
backgroundGestational age is associated with greater school achievement and variation in newborn metabolic markers. Whether metabolic markers are related to gestational age differences in achievement is unknown. This study examines whether newborn metabolic markers are associated with gestational age differences in performance on standardized school tests.
methodsThis retrospective cohort study linked birth certificates of children born in Iowa between 2002 and 2010 to newborn screening records and school tests between 2009 and 2018. The analytical sample includes up to 229,679 children and 973,247 child-grade observations. Regression models estimate the associations between gestational age and 37 newborn metabolic markers with national percentile ranking (NPR) scores on math, reading comprehension, and science tests.
resultsAn additional gestational week is associated with 0.6 (95% CI: 0.6, 0.7), 0.5 (95% CI: 0.4, 0.5), and 0.4 (95% CI: 0.4, 0.5) higher NPRs on math, reading, and science, respectively. Compared to full term children (37-44 weeks), preterm children (32-36 weeks) have 2.2 (95% CI: -2.6, -1.8), 1.5 (95% CI: -1.9, -1.1), and 1.0 (95% CI: -1.4, -0.7) lower NPRs on math, reading comprehension, and science. Very preterm children (20-31 weeks) have 8.3 (95% CI: -9.4, -7.2), 5.2 (95% CI: -6.2, -4.0), and 4.7 (95% CI: -5.6, -3.8) lower NPRs than full term children on math, reading, and science. Metabolic markers are associated with 27%, 36%, and 45% of gestational age differences in math, reading, and science scores, respectively, and over half of the difference in test scores between preterm or very preterm and full term children.
conclusionsNewborn metabolic markers are strongly related to gestational age differences in school test scores, suggesting that early metabolic differences are important markers of long-term child development.
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