ArticleCells2022
Post-mortem Findings of Inflammatory Cells and the Association of 4-Hydroxynonenal with Systemic Vascular and Oxidative Stress in Lethal COVID-19.
Article in Cells, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- 4-Hydroxynonenal, a Potential Biomarker for Lung Inflammatory Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Time-Dependent and Brain-Region-Specific Alterations in Ferroptosis Markers: A Preliminary Study in K18-hACE2 Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Plasma 4-hydroxynonenal estimates severity and prognosis in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Redox Regulation of Microvascular Physiology and Pathophysiology: Insights into Therapeutic Strategies and Limitations.Antioxidants & redox signaling · 2025Review
- Relationship between oxidative stress and COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2025Article
- Ferroptosis and Metabolic Dysregulation: Emerging Chemical Targets in Cancer and Infection.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Network-based integrative multi-omics approach reveals biosignatures specific to COVID-19 disease phases.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2024Article
- Superoxide dismutase alterations in COVID-19: implications for disease severity and mortality prediction in the context of omicron variant infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- COVID-19-Omics Report: From Individual Omics Approaches to Precision Medicine.Reports (MDPI) · 2023Review
- Short Survey on the Protein Modifications in Plasma during SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Preliminary Comparison of Molecular Antioxidant and Inflammatory Mechanisms Determined in the Peripheral Blood Granulocytes of COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Oxidative stress and COVID-19-associated neuronal dysfunction: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2023Review
- The 4-Hydroxynonenal-Protein Adducts and Their Biological Relevance: Are Some Proteins Preferred Targets?Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Relationship between 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) as Systemic Biomarker of Lipid Peroxidation and Metabolomic Profiling of Patients with Prostate Cancer.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- The Emerging Role of Ferroptosis in Sepsis, Opportunity or Challenge?Infection and drug resistance · 2023Review
- Lipidomics Revealed Plasma Phospholipid Profile Differences between Deceased and Recovered COVID-19 Patients.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Diversified Effects of COVID-19 as a Consequence of the Differential Metabolism of Phospholipids and Lipid Peroxidation Evaluated in the Plasma of Survivors and Deceased Patients upon Admission to the Hospital.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The Impact of Severe COVID-19 on Plasma Antioxidants.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Serum Level of 4-Hydroxynonenal in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Potential Biomarker for Severity and Prognosis.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A recent comparison of clinical and inflammatory parameters, together with biomarkers of oxidative stress, in patients who died from aggressive COVID-19 and survivors suggested that the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) might be detrimental in lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. The current study further explores the involvement of inflammatory cells, systemic vascular stress, and 4-HNE in lethal COVID-19 using specific immunohistochemical analyses of the inflammatory cells within the vital organs obtained by autopsy of nine patients who died from aggressive SAR-CoV-2 infection. Besides 4-HNE, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) were analyzed alongside standard leukocyte biomarkers (CDs). All the immunohistochemical slides were simultaneously prepared for each analyzed biomarker. The results revealed abundant 4-HNE in the vital organs, but the primary origin of 4-HNE was sepsis-like vascular stress, not an oxidative burst of the inflammatory cells. In particular, inflammatory cells were often negative for 4-HNE, while blood vessels were always very strongly immunopositive, as was edematous tissue even in the absence of inflammatory cells. The most affected organs were the lungs with diffuse alveolar damage and the brain with edema and reactive astrocytes, whereas despite acute tubular necrosis, 4-HNE was not abundant in the kidneys, which had prominent SOD2. Although SOD2 in most cases gave strong immunohistochemical positivity similar to 4-HNE, unlike 4-HNE, it was always limited to the cells, as was MPO. Due to their differential expressions in blood vessels, inflammatory cells, and the kidneys, we think that SOD2 could, together with 4-HNE, be a potential link between a malfunctioning immune system, oxidative stress, and vascular stress in lethal COVID-19.
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