ReviewCells2022
Multistability in Macrophage Activation Pathways and Metabolic Implications.
Review in Cells, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- M2 polarization of macrophages: Manipulation of spinal cord injury repair.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Biomimetic proteolipid vesicles delivering small activating RNA to activate the macrophage immunotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Trained immunity using probiotics and inactivated pathogens enhances resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection by activating the cGAS-STING signal pathway in mice and chickens.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Macrophage metabolic reprogramming in organ transplantation: mechanisms, transplant outcomes, and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Metabolic Reprogramming and Immunometabolic Dysregulation in Diabetic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to Precision Multi-target Therapies.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- The dual role of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage polarization in rheumatoid arthritis and coronary heart disease and the intervention strategy of traditional Chinese medicine.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Macrophage reprogramming through scavenger receptor-guided and cathepsin B-triggered nanodelivery: from intracellular mechanisms to translational applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The mechanism of Vicenin-2 in ameliorating skin photoaging: involvement of m6A-modified macrophage polarization.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Current state of bioceramic bone repair materials in immune regulation: a review.Frontiers of medicine · 2025Review
- Immunoengineering strategies using nanoparticles for obesity treatment.Nano research · 2025Article
- Impact of single-cell cell cycle regulation of intercellular communication on the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in the tumor microenvironment.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Piezo1: the Potential Novel Target for Radiation-induced Liver Fibrosis by Regulating FAP + fibroblasts.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Human iPSCs Derived MSCs-Secreted Exosomes Modulate Senescent Nucleus Pulposus Cells Induced Macrophage Polarization via Metabolic Reprogramming to Mitigate Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- mTOR Signaling in Macrophages: All Depends on the Context.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Uncovering bifurcation behaviors of biochemical reaction systems from network topology.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Potential of herbal formulas and bioactive metabolites in treating atherosclerosis: targeted modulation of macrophage polarization.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- The Role of Mitochondrial Regulation in Macrophage Polarization: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells with a dynamic range of reversible activation states including the classical pro-inflammatory (M1) and alternative anti-inflammatory (M2) states. Deciphering how macrophages regulate their transition from one state to the other is key for a deeper understanding of inflammatory diseases and relevant therapies. Common regulatory motifs reported for macrophage transitions, such as positive or double-negative feedback loops, exhibit a switchlike behavior, suggesting the bistability of the system. In this review, we explore the evidence for multistability (including bistability) in macrophage activation pathways at four molecular levels. First, a decision-making module in signal transduction includes mutual inhibitory interactions between M1 (STAT1, NF-KB/p50-p65) and M2 (STAT3, NF-KB/p50-p50) signaling pathways. Second, a switchlike behavior at the gene expression level includes complex network motifs of transcription factors and miRNAs. Third, these changes impact metabolic gene expression, leading to switches in energy production, NADPH and ROS production, TCA cycle functionality, biosynthesis, and nitrogen metabolism. Fourth, metabolic changes are monitored by metabolic sensors coupled to AMPK and mTOR activity to provide stability by maintaining signals promoting M1 or M2 activation. In conclusion, we identify bistability hubs as promising therapeutic targets for reverting or blocking macrophage transitions through modulation of the metabolic environment.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.